Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals Eighth Edition (2011) / Chapter Skim
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2 Animal Care and Use Program
2 Animal Care and Use Program
Pages 11-40
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From page 11... ...
An animal care and use program (hereafter referred to as the Program) comprises all activities conducted by Program: The activities conand at an institution that have a direct ducted by and at an institution impact on the well-being of animals, that have a direct impact on the well-being of animals, including including animal and veterinary care, animal and veterinary care, polipolicies and procedures, personnel cies and procedures, personnel and program management and over- and program management and sight, occupational health and safety, oversight, occupational health institutional animal care and use com- and safety, IACUC functions, and animal facility design and mittee (IACUC)
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From page 12... ...
and the Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (PHS 2002)
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From page 13... ...
Program of senior administration, bears needs should be clearly and regularly ultimate responsibility for the communicated to the IO by the AV, Program and is responsible for the IACUC, and others associated resource planning and ensuring with the Program (e.g., facilities man- alignment of Program goals with the institution's mission. agement staff, occupational health and safety personnel, scientists)
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From page 14... ...
is responsible for the health and wellbeing of all laboratory animals used at the institution. The institution must provide the AV with sufficient authority, including access to all animals, and resources to manage the program of veterinary care.
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From page 15... ...
Depending on the scope of the Program, professionals with expertise in other specific areas may be needed -- in, for example, facility design and renovation, human resource management, pathology of laboratory animals, comparative genomics, facility and equipment maintenance, diagnostic laboratory operations, and behavioral management. Laboratory
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From page 16... ...
. Personnel caring for laboratory animals should also regularly engage in continuing education activities and should be encouraged to participate in local and national laboratory animal science meetings and in other relevant professional organizations.
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From page 17... ...
For example, IACUC members may meet with animal care personnel and research teams; be provided access to relevant journals, materials, and web-based training; and be given opportunities to attend meetings or workshops. Occupational health and Safety of Personnel Each institution must establish and maintain an occupational health and safety program (OHSP)
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From page 18... ...
hazard Identification and Risk Assessment The institutional OHSP should identify potential hazards in the work environment and conduct a critical assessment of the associated risks. An effective OHSP ensures that the risks associated with the experimental use of animals are identified and reduced to minimal and acceptable levels.
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From page 19... ...
Special facilities and safety equipment may be needed to protect the animal care and investigative staff, other occupants of the facility, the public, animals, and the environment from exposure to hazardous biologic, chemical, and physical agents used in animal experimentation (DHHS 2009; Frasier and Talka 2005; NIH 2002)
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From page 20... ...
. Animal Experimentation Inoling hazards When selecting specific safeguards for animal experimentation with hazardous agents, careful attention should be given to procedures for animal care and housing, storage and distribution of the agents, dose preparation and administration, body fluid and tissue handling, waste and carcass disposal, items that might be used temporarily and removed from the site (e.g., written records, experimental devices, sample vials)
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From page 21... ...
Personal Protection While engineering and administrative controls are the first considerations for the protection of personnel, PPE appropriate for the work environment, including clean institution-issued protective clothing, should be provided as often as necessary. Protective clothing and equipment should not be worn beyond the boundary of the hazardous agent work area or the animal facility (DHHS 2009)
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From page 22... ...
Laboratory animal allergy has become a significant issue for individuals in contact with laboratory animals (Bush and Stave 2003; Gordon 2001; Wolfle and Bush 2001; Wood 2001)
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From page 23... ...
. Personnel Security While contingency plans normally address natural disasters, they should also take into account the threats that criminal activities such as personnel harassment and assault, facility trespassing, arson, and vandalism pose to laboratory animals, research personnel, equipment and facilities, and biomedical research at the institution.
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From page 24... ...
or with training and experience in labo ratory animal science and medicine or in the use of the species at the institution • at least one practicing scientist experienced in research involving animals • at least one member from a nonscientific background, drawn from inside or outside the institution • at least one public member to represent general community inter ests in the proper care and use of animals. Public members should not be laboratory animal users, affiliated in any way with the institution, or members of the immediate family of a person who is affiliated with the institution.
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From page 25... ...
should be provided to the IO about the status of the Program. Protocol Reiew The animal use protocol is a detailed description of the proposed use of laboratory animals.
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From page 26... ...
• description and rationale for anticipated or selected endpoints • criteria and process for timely intervention, removal of animals from a study, or euthanasia if painful or stressful outcomes are anticipated • method of euthanasia or disposition of animals, including planning for care of long-lived species after study completion • adequacy of training and experience of personnel in the procedures used, and roles and responsibilities of the personnel involved • use of hazardous materials and provision of a safe working environment. While the responsibility for scientific merit review normally lies outside the IACUC, the committee members should evaluate scientific elements of the protocol as they relate to the welfare and use of the animals.
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From page 27... ...
The humane endpoint is the point at which pain or distress in an experimental animal is prevented, terminated, or relieved. The use of humane endpoints contributes to refinement by providing an alternative to experimental endpoints that result in unrelieved or severe animal pain and distress, including death.
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From page 28... ...
When novel studies are proposed or information for an alternative endpoint is lacking, the use of pilot studies is an effective method for identifying and defining humane endpoints and reaching consensus among the PI, IACUC, and veterinarian. A system for communication with the IACUC should be in place both during and after such studies.
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From page 29... ...
Dogs, nonhuman primates, and many other animals can be trained, through use of positive reinforcement techniques, to cooperate with research procedures or remain immobile for brief periods (Boissy et al. 2007; Laule et al.
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From page 30... ...
Conservation of scarce animal resources may justify the conduct of multiple major surgeries on a single animal, but the application of such a practice on a single animal used in separate protocols is discouraged and should be reviewed critically by the IACUC. When applicable, the IO must submit a request to the USDA/APHIS and receive approval in order to allow a regulated animal to undergo multiple major survival surgical procedures in separate unrelated research protocols (USDA 1985, 1997a)
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From page 31... ...
In such instances, consideration should be given to the grade, purity, sterility, pH, pyrogenicity, osmolality, stability, site and route of administration, formulation, compatibility, and pharmacokinetics of the chemical or substance to be administered, as well as animal welfare and scientific issues relating to its use (NIH 2008)
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From page 32... ...
Additionally, occupational health and safety issues, including zoo noses, should be reviewed by the institution's health and safety committee or office, with assurances to the IACUC that the field study does not compromise the health and safety of either animals or persons in the field. Principal investigators conducting field research should be knowledgeable about relevant zoonotic diseases, associated safety issues, and any laws or regulations that apply.
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From page 33... ...
and from agricultural engineers or animal science experts. Postapproval Monitoring Continuing IACUC oversight of animal activities is required by federal laws, regulations, and policies.
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From page 34... ...
Both the Health Research Extension Act and the AWA require the IACUC to inspect animal care and use facilities, including sites used for animal surgeries, every 6 months. As part of a formal PAM program some institutions combine inspection of animal study sites with concurrent review of animal protocols.
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From page 35... ...
ACLAM [American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine]
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2001. Assessment and treatment of laboratory animal allergy.
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1997. Reduction of exposure to laboratory animal allergens in the workplace.
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2008. Guidelines for the Use of Non-Pharmaceutical-Grade Chemicals/Compounds in Laboratory Animals.
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2002. Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
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From page 40... ...
2000. Reducing unrelieved pain and distress in laboratory animals using humane endpoints.
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