Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals Eighth Edition (2011) / Chapter Skim
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5 Physical Plant
5 Physical Plant
Pages 133-154
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From page 133... ...
Effective planning and design should include input from personnel experienced with animal facility design, engineering, and operation, as well as from representative users of the proposed facility. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
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From page 134... ...
Centralization reduces the needs for transporting animals between housing and study sites, thereby minimizing the risks of transport stress and exposure to disease agents; affords greater security by providing the opportunity to control facility access; and increases the ease of monitoring staff and animals. Decentralized animal facilities generally cost more to construct because of the requirement for specialized environmental systems and
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From page 135... ...
Space is required for the following: • animal housing, care, and sanitation • receipt, quarantine, separation, and/or rederivation of animals • separation of species or isolation of individual projects when necessary • storage. Most multipurpose animal facilities may also include the following: • specialized laboratories or space contiguous with or near ani mal housing areas for such activities as surgery, intensive care, necropsy, irradiation, preparation of special diets, experimental procedures, behavioral testing, imaging, clinical treatment, and diagnostic laboratory procedures
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From page 136... ...
Double-door entry vestibules also permit air locks in these and other areas where directional airflow is critical for containment or protection. Wherever possible, water lines, drainpipes, reheat coils and valves, electric service connections, and other utilities should be accessible via interstitial space or through access panels or chases in corridors outside the animal rooms.
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From page 137... ...
. However, in specific situations, windows can provide environmental enrichment for some species, such as nonhuman primates.
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(10.2 cm) in diameter, although in some areas, such as dog kennels and agricultural animal facilities, larger drainpipes (>6 in.)
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From page 139... ...
Areas for quarantine, housing and use of animals exposed to hazardous materials, and housing of nonhuman primates should be kept under relative negative pressure, whereas areas for surgery or clean equipment storage should be kept under relative positive pressure with clean air. HVAC systems should be designed for reliability (including redundancy where applicable)
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From page 140... ...
Consideration should be given to measures that minimize fluctuations in temperature and relative humidity outside the recommended ranges due to extremes in the external ambient environment. Such measures can include partial redundancy, partial air recirculation, altered ventilation rates, or the use of auxiliary equipment.
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From page 141... ...
Light fixtures, timers, switches, and outlets should be properly sealed to prevent vermin access. Recessed energy-efficient fluorescent lights are commonly used in animal facilities.
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From page 142... ...
to reduce putrefaction of wastes and animal carcasses and should be constructed in a manner that facilitates cleaning. Noise Control Noise control is an important consideration in an animal facility and should be addressed during the planning stages of new facility design or renovation (see Chapter 3)
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From page 143... ...
Consideration should be given to such factors as the following: • location with respect to animal rooms and waste disposal and stor age areas • ease of access, including doors of sufficient width to facilitate movement of equipment • sufficient space for staging and maneuvering of equipment • soiled waste disposal and prewashing activities • ease of cleaning and disinfection of the area • traffic flow that separates animals and equipment moving between clean and soiled areas • air pressurization between partitioned spaces to reduce the poten tial of cross contamination between soiled and clean equipment • insulation of walls and ceilings where necessary • sound attenuation • utilities, such as hot and cold water, steam, floor drains, and electric power • ventilation, including installation of vents or canopies and provi sions for dissipation of steam and fumes from sanitizing processes • vibration, especially if animals are housed directly above, below, or adjacent to the washing facility • personnel safety, by ensuring that safety showers, eyewash stations, and other equipment are provided as required by code; exposed hot water and steam lines are properly insulated; procedures with a propensity to generate aerosols are appropriately contained; and equipment, such as cage/rack washers, and bulk sterilizers, which personnel enter, are equipped with functioning safety devices that prevent staff from becoming trapped inside. Environmental Monitoring Monitoring of environmental conditions in animal holding spaces and other environmentally sensitive areas in the facility should be considered.
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From page 144... ...
For instance, a larger facility may be required to accommodate procedures on agricultural species, large surgical teams, imaging devices, robotic surgical systems, and/or laparoscopic equipment towers. Surgical facilities for agricultural species may additionally require floor drains, special restraint devices, and hydraulic operating tables.
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From page 145... ...
; sufficient electric outlets for support equipment; gases to support anesthesia, surgical procedures, and gas-powered equipment; vacuum; and gas-scavenging capability. The surgical support area should be designed for washing and sterilizing instruments and for storing instruments and supplies.
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From page 146... ...
The devices may be self-shielded and require no modifications of the surrounding structure to operate safely, or they may require concrete, solid core masonry, lead-, steel-, or copper-lined walls, or other construction features to operate safely or minimize interference with devices and activities in adjacent areas. Because imaging devices are often expensive to acquire and maintain, and may require specialized support space and highly trained personnel to operate, shared animal imaging resources may be preferable.
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From page 147... ...
Whole body Irradiation Total body irradiation of small laboratory animals may be accomplished using devices that emit either gamma- or X-rays. Devices are usually self-shielded and, because of the weight of the shielding material, may require special site considerations.
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Animal facilities used to study biologic agents that are infectious to humans are categorized into different biosafety levels of escalating containment requirements as described in biosafety in Microbiological and biomedical Laboratories (BMBL; DHHS 2009 or most recent version)
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From page 149... ...
Floor coverings that reduce sound transmission should be selected. Testing rooms may require floor drains, water sources, and increased floor loading to support specific behavioral testing apparatus.
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From page 150... ...
As transportation to and from the testing area may alter behavioral responses, consideration should be given to providing housing areas contiguous with those used for testing; if such areas are provided, they should meet the requirements specified in the Guide. Aquatic Species Housing Many of the construction features described above are applicable to those for aquatic species, but particular consideration should be given to the housing systems used and the methods for maintaining the aquatic environment.
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From page 151... ...
Most animals maintained for research are vulnerable to infection with adventitious agents and therefore access to them should be strictly controlled and made available only to personnel who have received appropriate training and have a legitimate need for access. Animals used in studies with hazardous materials require special precautions for personnel before access, and staff entering the animal facility should have completed the institution's occupational health and safety training.
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2005. Facility design considerations for select agent animal research.
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From page 153... ...
Planning and Designing Research Animal Facilities. Amster dam: Academic Press.
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From page 154... ...
Herts, UK. USDA ARS [United States Department of Agriculture Animal Research Services]
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