Review of the Department of Defense Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program Report (2010) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 12-25
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From page 12... ...
can penetrate more deeply into the lung and may reach the alveolar region. In the atmosphere, fine particles remain suspended for days to weeks and can travel hundreds to thousands of kilometers, whereas coarse particles (2.5-10 µm in aerodynamic diameter)
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From page 13... ...
In the Middle East, where climatic conditions may be more arid, PM sources may include dust storms, dust from motor-vehicle disturbance of the desert floor, agricultural activities, emissions from burn pits where trash is burned, lead-zinc smelters, battery-processing facilities, refineries, power stations, fertilizer plants, and emissions from vehicles that use leaded gasoline (UNEP 2007; Engelbrecht et al.
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From page 14... ...
(2008) , two significant sources of PM in the Middle East include combustion-related processes and dust storms.
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From page 15... ...
In addition to finding associations between exposure to PM2.5 and increased risks from nonaccidental mortality and mortality from lung cancer and cardiovascular disease, the authors concluded that living close to busy traffic appeared to be associated with increased risks of the three outcomes. Short-term and long-term exposure to traffic-related pollution has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality (for example, Kunzli et al.
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From page 16... ...
Because of the differences in exposure concentrations and PM chemical composition, and because of the differences in deployed military personnel compared to the general population, extrapolating results directly from population-based epidemiology studies conducted in the United States and Europe to populations in the Middle East may not provide appropriate
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From page 17... ...
Obstacles include limitations on the personnel available to conduct and maintain exposure assessment and surveillance, inasmuch as a brigade has only two persons responsible for the health of about 2,000 soldiers (Sheehy 2009) ; frequent movement of troops, which makes health-surveillance followup challenging; difficulty in acquiring Institutional Review Board approval from the military to conduct health surveillance in the field (Baird 2009)
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From page 18... ...
Other studies have investigated respiratory symptoms in general in military personnel deployed to the Middle East. Sanders et al.
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From page 19... ...
A workshop was held at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to review sampling results, potential health effects, and knowledge gaps pertaining to PM exposure of military personnel in the Middle East. Data-related needs identified in the symposium included enhanced PM surveillance, routine predeployment and postdeployment health evaluations, improved disease and nonbattle-injury data, epidemiologic study of potential adverse effects of exposures to PM in the Middle East areas of operation, and assessment of the toxicity of the PM to which deployed personnel are exposed.
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From page 20... ...
.1 In this chapter, the committee addresses information needed to characterize health risks to deployed personnel. Chapter 5 presents the committee's conclusions and recommendations and looks toward designing studies to improve understanding of the health implications of PM for personnel deployed to the Middle East.
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From page 21... ...
2008. Effects of Asian dust storm events on hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Taipei, Taiwan.
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2008. Department of Defense Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program (EPMSP)
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1993. Respiratory disease among military personnel in Saudi Arabia during Opera tion Desert Shield.
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Presentation at the First Meeting on Review of the DOD's Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program Report, July 9, 2009, Washington, DC. Samet, J.M., S.L.
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From page 25... ...
2009. Effects of Asian dust storm events on hospital admissions for congestive heart failure in Taipei, Taiwan.
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