Review of the Department of Defense Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program Report (2010) / Chapter Skim
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2 Sampling Methodology Used in the Department of Defense Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program
2 Sampling Methodology Used in the Department of Defense Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program
Pages 26-37
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From page 26... ...
The U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine collected the samples in theater and sent them to RTI International for unloading and analysis.
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From page 27... ...
For the Nuclepore filters, the sampling period was only 2 hours because CCSEM analysis requires that filter samples be only lightly loaded. TABLE 2-1 Sampling Sites and Sampling Periods Sampling Period Sampling Location Beginning End Djibouti 12-05-2005 06-09-2007 Bagram, Afghanistan 12-07-2005 05-21-2007 Khowst, Afghanistan 04-28-2006 06-22-2007 Qatar 02-16-2006 02-06-2007 United Arab Emirates 02-18-2006 02-07-2007 Balad, Iraq 01-15-2006 03-24-2007 Baghdad, Iraq 01-08-2006 01-11-2007 Tallil, Iraq 01-15-2006 02-15-2007 Tikrit, Iraq 01-12-2006 03-12-2007 Taji, Iraq 02-05-2006 02-11-2007 Al Asad, Iraq 01-08-2006 12-26-2007 Northern Kuwait 01-28-2006 02-04-2007 Central Kuwait 03-14-2006 03-19-2007 Coastal Kuwait 01-20-2006 03-20-2007 Southern Kuwait 01-21-2006 01-15-2007 Source: Adapted from Engelbrecht et al.
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From page 28... ...
TABLE 2-2 Filter Media and Corresponding Analytic Methods Type of Samples Number of Samples Analytic Method AMBIENT FILTER SAMPLES Teflon filters Mass 1,224 Gravimetric Elemental analysis 1,224 XRF Trace metal analysis 1,224 ICP-MS Quartz-fiber filters Mass 1,223 Gravimetric Soluble anions and ammonium 1,223 IC Soluble cations 1,223 ICP-OES Carbon and carbonate 1,223 TOT Nuclepore filters Individual particle analysis 0.5-15 μm 243 CCSEM Images and spectra 84 SEM Ultrafines <0.5 μm 15 CCSEM RESUSPENDED DUST SAMPLES Teflon filters Mass 30 Gravimetric Elemental analysis 30 XRF Trace metal analysis 30 ICP-MS Quartz-fiber filters Mass 30 Gravimetric Soluble anions 30 IC Soluble cations 30 AA Carbon and carbonate 30 TOR Ammonium 30 AC Nuclepore filters Individual particle analysis 15 CCSEM (Continued)
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From page 29... ...
A blank is treated in the same manner as a standard sampling filter. The program also recognized the importance of distinguishing among particle sources, chemical compositions, and size distributions inasmuch as there is strong evidence that these characteristics affect particle toxicity (Laden et al.
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Particles that have aerodynamic diameters larger than the impactor's size cutpoint have enough momentum to cross the streamlines and deposit onto the substrate, but smaller particles, which have insufficient momentum to cross the streamlines, remain suspended in the sample air and are not collected. Figure 2-1 shows the components of a MiniVol sampler, and Figure 22 shows an assembled MiniVol sampler.
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From page 31... ...
Data from this study indicated excellent agreement between replicate measurements of PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations. FIGURE 2-1 Disassembled MiniVol sampler.
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2008) do not provide a direct comparison to the sampling devices used in the EPMSP, the resulting data provide some evidence that the MiniVol sampler could overestimate concentrations in locations impacted by dust storms (see Box 2-1)
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The ex tent of the sampling artifacts depends on the particle loading on the impactor surface and the sampler characteristics and is difficult to estimate. The mag nitude of the artifacts is not reproducible.
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The lack of replicate samples makes it difficult to assess the extent to which the measured particle concentrations accurately reflect the true concentrations at these sites. The sampling approach yielded a small number of measurements for assessing particle mass and distinguishing chemical species.
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The samples collected with the three different filter media are not necessarily comparable since they introduce different artifacts and are used for different chemical analyses. Particle mass concentrations obtained with Teflon and quartz-fiber filters might not be comparable.2 In addition, particle mass and composition were not measured at the same time, so mass closure cannot be performed (that is, comparison of particle mass with the sum of the individual particle components)
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From page 36... ...
2008. Department of Defense Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program (EPMSP)
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From page 37... ...
Central Command theater of operations. Presentation at the First Meeting on Review of the DOD's Enhanced Particulate Matter Surveillance Program Report, July 9, 2009, Washing ton, DC.
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