Assessment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles (2011) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
9 Application of Vehicle Technologies to Vehicle Classes
9 Application of Vehicle Technologies to Vehicle Classes
Pages 138-156
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 138... ...
" Note that applying technology to the U.S. EPA uses as part of its vehicle certification process improve fuel economy and reduce fuel consumption should (NRC, 2002)
|
From page 139... ...
and has the following characteristics: a six-cylinder, four-valve, dual overhead cam engine with intake cam These eight classes allow an evaluation of similar base phasing and a 6-speed automatic transmission. The vehicles designs, where the vehicle size, baseline chassis average vehicle for this class is used as the base vehicle configuration, aerodynamic characteristics, vehicle weight in the estimation of fuel consumption reductions for and type of drive train (FWD, RWD, and AWD)
|
From page 140... ...
mechanical losses, frictional losses, and heat transfer losses. However, FSS analyses require detailed vehicle, engine, However, the ultimate accuracy of such analyses relies on a transmission, accessory, and other subsystem data, typically sufficiently broad set of empirical or system-simulation data expressed in the form of data maps that quantify power, that do not necessarily provide enough detail to understand torque, fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions over the the base test vehicle distribution of energy losses.
|
From page 141... ...
in transmitting high torque on vehicle classes interaction of multiple technologies that may attempt to rewith larger engines where towing or off-road capability is duce energy losses of a similar type, such as pumping losses a primary product feature. Others may be excluded based (Ricardo, Inc., 2008, 2009)
|
From page 142... ...
w/ Improved Internals NAUTO 7.5 7.5 7.5 6.0 9.0 6.0 9.0 6.0 9.0 6/7-spd DCT from 4-spd A T DCT 6/7-spd DCT from 6-spd A T DCT 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.0 4.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 4.0 Hybrid Techs 3.0 3.0 3.0 12V BAS Micro-Hybrid MHEV 2.0 4.0 2.0 4.0 2.0 4.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 Integrated Starter Generator ISG 29.0 39.0 29.0 39.0 29.0 39.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 Power Split Hybrid PSHEV 24.0 50.0 24.0 50.0 24.0 50.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 2-Mode Hybrid 2MHEV 25.0 45.0 25.0 45.0 25.0 45.0 Plug-in hybrid PHEV NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Vehicle Techs 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Mass Reduction - 1% MR1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 Mass Reduction - 2% MR2 3.3 3.3 3.3 Mass Reduction - 5% MR5 3.0 3.5 3.0 3.5 3.0 3.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 Mass Reduction - 10% MR10 6.0 7.0 6.0 7.0 6.0 7.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 Mass Reduction - 20% MR20 11.0 13.0 11.0 13.0 11.0 13.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Low Rolling Resistance Tires ROLL 1.0 3.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Low Drag Brakes LDB 1.0 1.0 Aero Drag Reduction 10% AERO 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 NOTE: Some of the benefits (highlighted in green) are incremental to those obtained with preceding technologies shown in the technology pathways described in Chapter 9.
|
From page 143... ...
NR C 2009 Costs Incremental Values - A preceding technology must be included Technologies I4 V6 V8 AVG w/1.5 AVG w/1.5 AVG w/1.5 Low High AVG Low High AVG Low High AVG RPE RPE RPE Spark Ignition Techs Abbreviation Low Friction Lubricants LUB 4 4 3 5 3 5 3 5 4 6 6 6 Engine Friction Reduction EFR 48 78 64 104 42 63 63 94.5 84 126 32.0 52.0 VVT- Coupled Cam Phasing (CCP) , SOHC CCP 35 70 70 35 52.5 70 105 70 105 Discrete Variable Valve Lift (DVVL)
|
From page 144... ...
utilized by the EPA as part of the process for estimating the With this background, the committee evaluated potential cost of fuel economy technologies. Cost estimation using technology paths that could be considered by a manufacturer, the teardown approach is discussed in Chapter 3.
|
From page 145... ...
* Not included in totals FIGURE 9.1 Small-car pathways with estimated total fuel consumption reduction and cost shown.
|
From page 146... ...
* Not included in totals Figure 9-2.eps FIGURE 9.2 Intermediate- and large-car and unit-body standard truck pathways with estimated total fuel consumption reduction and cost shown.
|
From page 147... ...
147 APPLICATION OF VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES TO VEHICLE CLASSES FIGURE 9.3 Two-seater convertible and coupe, high-performance sedan, and unit-body performance truck pathways with estimated total fuel consumption reduction and cost shown. Figure 9-3.eps bitmap
|
From page 148... ...
148 ASSESSMENT OF FUEL ECONOMY TECHNOLOGIES FOR LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES FIGURE 9.4 Body-on-frame small-truck pathways with estimated total fuel consumption reduction and cost shown. Figure 9.4 bitmapped
|
From page 149... ...
149 APPLICATION OF VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES TO VEHICLE CLASSES Figure 9-5.eps FIGURE 9.5 Large-truck pathways with estimated total fuel consumption reduction and cost shown. bitmap
|
From page 150... ...
the technology pathways are ple, for the intermediate car, large car, and unibody standard the same because of the similar base vehicle power train. truck classes, the average reduction in fuel consumption for However, the tradeoffs made as a result of varying perfor- the SI path is 29 percent at a cost of approximately $2,200; mance metrics as these vehicle types go through their product the average reduction for the compression-ignition (CI)
|
From page 151... ...
Inc. This is likely due to the engineering judgment of the Simplified lumped parameter models of vehicle energy use members of the committee whose experience in power train (e.g., Sovran and Bohn, 1981)
|
From page 152... ...
noted that a baseline 4-speed automatic was used for both the potential levels of energy loss reduction are employed in committee's and EEA estimates because these comparisons both the EEA lumped parameter approach and the expert were conducted prior to the committee's decision to utilize opinion of the committee members. The EEA model does the average class transmission from the 2007 EPA test data employ an algorithm to account for incremental reductions in the technology paths.
|
From page 153... ...
dynamic efficiency, operational losses of energy, and acces- As evidenced by the Ricardo, Inc., FSS analyses consory loads are varied as a function of vehicle operational ducted for the committee, different vehicle types, with performance, offers the best opportunity to evaluate the differing intended uses, demonstrate different optimizationeffectiveness of incremental application of vehicle systems of-performance characteristics. Therefore, when attempting in reducing vehicle energy losses, thereby improving overall to estimate the incremental benefits from the application operational cycle efficiency and reducing fuel consumption.
|
From page 154... ...
in which the lumped parameter model is used to predict the Vehicle-related data, such as data on frontal area, rolling magnitude of energy loss reduction through the application resistance, and weight also are required input for modeling of discrete technologies on an actual vehicle-by-vehicle of vehicle performance and fuel economy. However, these basis.
|
From page 155... ...
, based on empirically derived power train • EPA vehicle class. and vehicle performance and fuel consumption data maps, offers what the committee believes is the best available method to fully account for system energy losses and synerFINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATION gies and to analyze potential reductions in fuel consumption Finding 9.1: Many vehicle and power train technologies that as technologies are introduced into the market.
|
From page 156... ...
to progress through sufficient FSS, combined with experimentally determined each technology pathway for each vehicle class to a nd vehicle-class-specific system mapping, to allow a obtain the final incremental effects of adding each reasonable understanding of the contributory effects of the technology. technologies applied to reduce vehicle energy losses.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.