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6 Hybrid Power Trains
Pages 84-98

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From page 84...
... Similarly, a fuel cell vehicle is also a hybrid in which the internal combustion engine is replaced by the fuel cell, but this HYBRID POWER TRAIN SYSTEMS system will likely need supplemental energy storage to meet peak power demands and to allow the fuel cell to be sized for As stated above, hybrid vehicles are defined as having the average power requirement. an internal combustion engine and one or more electric ma In this chapter, hybrid vehicle designs employing an chines that in some combination can provide tractive force internal combustion engine and battery-energy storage are to propel the vehicle.
From page 85...
... . There are numerous hybrid vehicles now in production, and the committee believes it is more representative to quote actual data rather than analyze the effectiveness of each FIGURE 6.2 Schematic of series hybrid power train configuration.
From page 86...
... These vehicles generally use a larger Figure 6-4.eps FIGURE 6.4 Individual technology contributions to fuel consumption in hybrid electric vehicles. SOURCE: Fushiki and Wimmer (2007)
From page 87...
... The fuel consumption reduction ment in fuel consumption for a relatively modest cost, it is for the two-mode power split design, characterized by the Chevrolet Tahoe and Saturn Vue, ranges from 25 to 29 per 1 The cent. However, the committee thinks that other implementa- Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 defines a plug-in hybrid as a light-, medium-, or heavy-duty vehicle that draws motive power tions of the two-mode system could provide a maximum fuel from a battery with a capacity of at least 4 kilowatt-hours and can be reconsumption benefit of about 45 percent.
From page 88...
... and the commercial viability of these vehicles depends on a battery cost breakthrough. Advances in electric motors, BATTERY TECHNOLOGY power electronics, and batteries for automotive applications, which have resulted from the development and production In spite of the significant progress that battery technology of hybrid vehicles, have renewed interest in the development has experienced in the last 20 years, the battery is still the of battery electric vehicles.
From page 89...
... Figure 6-5.eps bitmap FIGURE 6.6 Energy capacity, state-of-charge variation, and relative power density to energy density ratios for batteries applicable to fullhybrid (HEV) , plug-in hybrid (PHEV)
From page 90...
... -based lifetime and packaging, these batteries are still expensive, cathode, failure can occur due to overheating or separator heavy, and in application are restricted to a SOC range of failure. This problem is well known, and safety is a charabout 20 percent to preserve battery cycle life.
From page 91...
... Since the but it uses only 260 Wh in +/-10 percent excursions around battery capacity is the key limitation for hybrid vehicles, 50 percent SOC. On the other hand, the larger energy re electrical machine efficiency is of paramount importance.
From page 92...
... In addition sive to technology developments. Major improvements in to engine control, controllers in hybrid vehicles monitor the volumetric power density can be achieved by increasing the state of charge of the battery and determine power flows to and speed of the motor.
From page 93...
... 1,000 including labor and overhead, for integrating the technology. Electrical accessories 100 Electric PS and water pump 200 Using the studies described in Chapter 3, the committee de Automatic transmission −850 veloped a different markup factor for hybrids that relates the Regenerative brakes 250 definition of factory cost to RPE.
From page 94...
... The 2007 model-year version of the Saturn Vue hybrid, applications in vehicles. Among its provisions related to which used a BAS design, exhibits a 25 percent improvement fuel economy, the Energy Independence and Security Act of in fuel economy on the FTP cycle, but approximately half of 2007 requires periodic assessments by the National Research that improvement is due to vehicle modifications, including Council of automobile vehicle fuel economy technologies.
From page 95...
... These fleets invari- hybrid vehicles will occur primarily as a result of reduced ably represent limited mission, localized experiments, city costs for hybrid power train components and improvements buses, or postal vehicles, for example. Through interviews in battery performance such as higher power per mass and and presentations, the committee can find little evidence that volume, increased number of lifetime charges, and wider a commercially viable fuel cell light-duty vehicle will be allowable state-of-charge ranges.
From page 96...
... Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy, Novem Transmission Technology International.
From page 97...
... 45 to 65 mph, sec. Price Toyota Split Highlander Hybrid 4WD NA 35 35 35 5000 3.4 8.2 5 $34,700 Toyota Highlander 4WD NA 21 25 31 4750 3 8 5.1 $29,050 HYBRID POWER TRAINS Toyota Split Prius FWD 16 67 66 65 3250 3.8 10.6 6.2 $22,000 Toyota Corolla FWD 12 35 40 49 2875 3.6 9.9 5.9 $16,150 Toyota Camry FWD 15 27 33 44 3750 3.7 9.6 6 $20,195 Toyota Yaris FWD 13 37 42 49 2625 4.1 11.4 6.9 $13,765 Toyota Split Camry Hybrid FWD 11 44 46 48 4000 3.5 8.5 5.1 $26,150 Toyota Camry FWD 15 27 33 44 3750 3.7 9.6 6 $20,195 Toyota Camry FWD 15 25 30 40 3875 3.3 7.1 4.4 $24,215 Ford Split Escape Hybrid FWD NA 45 44 43 4000 NA NA NA $29,645 Ford Escape FWD NA 26 30 39 3625 NA NA NA $21,645 Ford Escape FWD NA 23 27 36 3625 NA NA NA $24,465 Ford Split Escape Hybrid 4WD NA 37 37 37 4250 4.1 10.7 5.8 $31,395 Ford Escape 4WD NA 24 28 35 3875 3.3 10 6.4 $23,395 Ford Escape 4WD NA 22 26 33 3875 3 7.9 5.2 $26,215 Saturn Parallel Aura Hybrid FWD 16 33 39 48 NA NA NA NA $26,325 Saturn Aura FWD 16 28 34 47 4000 3.4 9.4 6.9 $22,655 Saturn Aura FWD 16 21 26 36 4000 2.8 6.6 4.3 $27,250 Saturn Vue Hybrid FWD NA 32 37 45 4000 4.2 10.9 7.3 $28,160 Saturn Vue FWD NA 24 28 37 4000 NA NA NA $23,280 Saturn Vue FWD NA 21 25 33 4250 NA NA NA $26,435 Honda Parallel Civic Hybrid FWD 10 55 59 65 3125 4.4 11.7 7.3 $23,650 Honda Civic FWD 12 33 39 51 3125 3.6 10.1 6 $16,305 Nissan Parallel Altima Hybrid FWD 10 47 47 47 3750 3.1 7.6 4.4 $26,650 Nissan Altima FWD 15 29 34 43 3500 3.2 8.1 5 $19,900 Mazda Split Tribute Hybrid FWD NA 45 44 43 NA NA NA NA $28,175 Mazda Tribute FWD NA 26 30 39 NA NA NA NA $21,790 Mazda Tribute FWD NA 23 27 36 NA NA NA NA $23,055 Mazda Split Tribute Hybrid 4WD NA 37 37 37 NA 4.1 10.7 5.8 $29,925 Mazda Tribute 4WD NA 24 28 35 NA 3.3 10 6.4 $23,545 Mazda Tribute 4WD NA 22 26 33 NA 3 7.9 5.2 $24,805 Mercury Split Mariner Hybrid FWD NA 45 44 43 NA NA NA NA $30,090 Mercury Mariner FWD NA 26 30 39 NA NA NA NA $22,650 Mercury Mariner FWD NA 23 27 36 NA NA NA NA $23,660 Mercury Split Mariner Hybrid 4WD NA 37 37 37 NA 4.1 10.7 5.8 $31,840 Mercury Mariner 4WD NA 24 28 35 NA 3.3 10 6.4 $24,400 Mercury Mariner 4WD NA 22 26 33 NA 3 7.9 5.2 $25,410 97 continued
From page 98...
... 45 to 65 mph, sec. Price Chevrolet Parallel Malibu Hybrid FWD 15 33 39 48 3875 4.1 10.3 6.9 $25,555 Chevrolet Malibu FWD 15 27 33 43 3750 3.4 9.4 7 $21,605 Chevrolet Malibu FWD 15 23 28 40 NA 3 8.1 5.1 NA Lexus Split RX 400h Hybrid 2WD NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Lexus RX 350 2WD NA 20 22 25 4250 NA NA NA $37,700 Lexus RX 350 2WD NA 20 22 25 NA NA NA NA NA Lexus Split RX 400h Hybrid 4WD NA NA NA NA NA 2.9 7.4 4.6 NA Lexus RX 350 4WD NA 22 26 32 4500 NA NA NA $39,100 Lexus RX 350 4WD NA 22 26 32 NA 2.7 7.3 4.8 NA Lexus Split GS 450h Hybrid RWD 9 28 31 35 4500 2.5 5.9 3.9 $56,550 Lexus GS 350 RWD 13 24 28 37 4000 NA NA NA $45,000 Lexus Split LS 600h L AWD 12 25 27 30 5500 NA NA NA $106,035 Chevrolet Split Tahoe Hybrid RWD NA 27 28 30 6000 NA NA NA $50,455 Chevrolet Tahoe RWD NA 15 19 27 6000 NA NA NA Premium Chevrolet Tahoe RWD NA 17 20 27 5500 NA NA NA $39,315 Chevrolet Split Tahoe Hybrid 4WD NA 27 28 30 6000 3.9 9.6 5.5 $53,260 Chevrolet Tahoe 4WD NA 15 18 26 6000 3.4 9 5.7 $41,025 Chevrolet Split Silverado Hybrid RWD NA 27 28 30 NA NA NA NA $38,020 Chevrolet Silverado RWD NA 17 21 27 5500 NA NA NA NA Chevrolet Silverado RWD NA 18 21 27 5000 NA NA NA $26,915 Chevrolet Split Silverado Hybrid 4WD NA 27 28 30 NA $41,170 Chevrolet Silverado 4WD NA 17 20 27 5500 NA Chevrolet Silverado 4WD NA 18 21 27 5250 3 7.9 5.1 $30,065 GMC Split Yukon Hybrid RWD NA 27 28 30 NA NA NA NA $50,920 GMC Yukon RWD NA 15 19 27 NA NA NA NA Premium GMC Yukon RWD NA 17 20 27 NA NA NA NA $39,970 GMC Split Yukon Hybrid 4WD NA 27 28 30 NA 3.9 9.6 5.5 $53,730 GMC Yukon 4WD NA 17 20 27 NA 3.4 9 5.7 $41,765 GMC Split Sierra Hybrid RWD NA 27 28 30 NA NA NA NA $38,390 GMC Sierra RWD NA 17 21 27 5500 NA NA NA NA GMC Sierra RWD NA 18 21 28 NA NA NA NA $26,915 GMC Split Sierra Hybrid 4WD NA 27 28 30 NA NA NA NA $41,540 GMC Sierra 4WD NA 17 20 27 NA NA NA NA NA GMC Sierra 4WD NA 18 21 27 6000 3 7.9 5.1 $30,065 Dodge Split Durango Hybrid 4WD NA 25 27 30 NA NA NA NA $45,040 Dodge Durango 4WD NA 17 20 26 NA 2.8 7.4 5.2 NA Chrysler Split Aspen Hybrid 4WD NA 25 27 30 NA NA NA NA $45,270 Chrysler Aspen 4WD NA 17 20 26 NA 2.8 7.4 5.2 NA Cadillac Split Escalade Hybrid 2WD NA 27 28 30 NA NA NA NA $73,135 ASSESSMENT OF FUEL ECONOMY TECHNOLOGIES FOR LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES


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