In the Light of Evolution Volume IV: The Human Condition (2010) / Chapter Skim
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See nry analysis, 83-84, 86, 87, 91, 93, 94, also specific countries 95, 98-99 agriculture, 84-85 pastoralism, 85, 87-91 anatomically modern humans, 10-11, patrilocality and polygyny, 91 83-84 sex-biased migration and gene flow, 91, apes, 31, 32 96 autosomal DnA data, 4, 83, 86, 91, 92, skin pigmentation, 172 93, 95-96, 99 slave trade, 148, 160 Bantu expansion, 90-91 TMrCA, 84, 98, 99 contemporary genetic and linguistic trade, 86 variation, 92-99 African Americans, 154, 159, 161, 164 Darwin's views of human origins, 28- Afrotheria, 58-59 29, 31, 48-49 Age-dependent macular degeneration, 119
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From page 394... ...
sackler Gallery of Asian Art, viii Biaka pygmies, 151, 154, 156 Ascorbic acid synthesis, 287-288 Bile acid biosynthesis, 71 Asfaw, Berhane, 10 Bimana, 49 Asia Biodiversity, defined, xiii anatomically modern humans, 83 Bioenergetics. See also energy metabolism apes, 29, 30, 50 and ascent of man, 128, 142-144 fossil sites, 11 and brain evolution, 102, 143-144 western, 11
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. See also cerebral cortex, 55, 320 longevity developmental processes, 282-283 brain evolution, 54, 56-57, 60 diet and, 253 cranial capacity/brain size, 39, 41, 55 energy metabolism, 3, 47-48, 56-59 culture and language, 53, 334 frontal cortex, 241 diet, 35 genetic correlates, 55-59, 269 epidermal differentiation, 170-171 language, 246 evolutionary rate, 52 and life span, 47-48, 58, 59 fertility, 222-225 phylogenomic assessment of, 54-59 FOXP2 gene, 55 plasticity, 60 genome sequencing, 101, 110 postnatal development period, 54, 60 gorilla kinskip with, 39, 51, 52-53 siglecs and, 111, 112, 114, 124 heart disease, 120 size, 11, 13, 14, 18, 39-40, 48, 60, 214, human kinship with, 7, 29, 30-31, 32, 47, 237, 242, 247, 250, 251, 253, 265, 320 49, 50, 51-54, 55, 101, 106 Brazilians, 149
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See also abstract reasoning, 207 257, 258-259, individual species 262-263, 269-272, 321 anatomically modern Homo, 2, 8, 9, 10 blank-slate theory, 208, 294 11, 13 body size and, 39, 49 apomorphies (derived characters) , 32, childhood period and life span and, 44, 45 257, 263-264, 265, 266, 273 autapomorphy, 13, 45 coevolution of cognition, language, and body mass estimates, 15, 20 sociality, 207, 253-254 257, 265-267, body plan, 35-40 269-272 cranial anatomy, 1, 2, 10, 11, 12-13, 14, cognitive niche theory, 207, 257, 259-269 15, 16-17, 18-19, 20, 23, 25, 28, 36, 39, cooperation among nonkin and, 257- 40-46, 320 259, 260-261, 262-263, 264, 265-267 dietary adaptations, 12, 14, 20, 23, 35 cooperative breeding and, 228-229, 235, dwarfing, 13 236, 254, 263-264 gross, 7 cultural adaptation to constrained homology vs.
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gene, 241 and gene flows, 85-91 Convergent adaptive evolution, 2, 47, 48, genetic evolution compared with, 59, 60. 102, 107, 126, 135-136, 249-250 232-235 Coop, Graham, 3, 63-79 moral codes, 319, 326, 328, 336-337, Cooper's Cave fossils, 17 338-339 Cooperation and resource sharing, 217, 235, religion, 244 236, 257-259, 260-261, 264, 265-267, social cooperation and resource sharing, 275, 299, 317, 321, 332 217, 235, 236, 257-259, 260-261, 264, Copernicus, nicolaus, xv 265-267, 275, 299, 317, 321, 332 Cosmides, leda, 207, 293-318 tool use and tool making, 1, 17, 54, 205, Costa ricans, 149 206, 208, 237, 238, 247, 248, 250, 251, Cranial anatomy.
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From page 398... ...
See also Polar roots and tubers, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, ecoregions 72, 73-74, 76 cultural adaptations to, 234 DiGeorge syndrome, 199 dry regions, 67, 68, 74 Dikika fossils, 15 energy metabolism, 64 Discovery institute, 190 genome-wide scan for selection, 65-70 Discovery of fossil hominins humid temperate regions, 67, 74-75, 76 earliest discoveries and expeditions, humid tropical regions, 67, 72, 75 8-10 polar regions, 60, 67, 70, 71, 74, 76 landsat thematic mapping and large ecuadorians, 147, 149-150, 151, 152, 153, format camera high-resolution 154-155, 156, 158-159, 160, 163, 164 images, 10 ehler, edvard, 3, 63-79 Dmanisi fossils, 38, 42 electrocardiographic traits, 71, 72 DnA-DnA hybridization data, 51-52 elephants, 48, 58-59, 267 DnA. See also Mitochondrial DnA; nuclear energy metabolism.
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interpretation, 165-166 22 lactase persistence, 88-89, 95 cladogenetic (punctuated equilibrium) Middle Ages, 162 interpretation, 23, 41-42 skin pigmentation, 173 human clade, 7-8, 23 views on human origins in, 28-29 Foundation for Thought and ethics, evolutionary arms races, 102, 107, 116, 259, 189-190 260, 279 FoXo transcription factor, 139, 140 extinctions, 135, 260 Framingham heart study, 244 France and French people, 68, 151, 154, 155, 157 F Fulani people, 89, 93, 94-96 Fejej fossils, 10, 15 Fertility G age-specific rates, 223 chimpanzee, 216, 222-225, 254 GAA gene, 70 cooperative breeding and, 228-229 Galactolipids, 69 cryptic ovulation, 120 Galectins, 55 cultural changes and, 229, 244, 263-264 Galileo, xv frailty differences and, 206, 224 Garrod, Archibald, 193 gene-culture coevolution, 244, 254 GBE1 gene, 70 genomic imperfections and, 202-203 Gebremedhin, Amha, 3, 63-79 grandmother hypothesis, 215, 217 GenBank, 164 heterogeneity hypothesis, 214, 222-225, Gene–culture coevolution 226-227 agricultural subsistence systems and, hunter-gatherers, 223-225 3-4, 67, 73, 74, 76, 88, 231, 236, 240, juvenile mortality and, 225 245, 247, 255 and longevity, 211, 213, 219, 222-225, autosomal DnA analysis, 238, 249 229 Baldwin effect, 234, 235, 243, 281-282
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, 248 236-237, 239, 241, 246-247, 249, 252, Geographic ranges and locations, 16, 42. 253-255 See also specific continents, countries, late Pleistocene, 235, 242, 245, 247, 248- and fossil sites 251, 254 linguistic affiliation of population late Pliocene to Middle Pleistocene, clusters, 93-95 251-253 Geological society of london, 132 linkage disequilibrium patterns, 231, Geometric Kebaran artifacts, 85 240, 241, 255 Georgia, republic of, fossil sites, 38, 42 and moral sense, 334-335 Germany, fossil sites, 11, 12, 42, 45, 237 mtDnA analysis, 238, 249, 251, 255 Gestation periods, 55, 59 paleoenvironmental change and, 231- Gibbons, 29, 30, 31, 32, 50, 53 232, 235, 241-242, 249, 250, 251 Gibraltar scientific society, 9 Plio-Pleistocene, 247-248, 255 Gladysvale cave fossils, 15 symbiosis in, 234-235 Gluconeogenesis, 70, 71 tool making and use and, 237, 238, 247, Glucose metabolism, 72 248, 250, 251, 252 GlUD-encoding (GLUD2)
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D., 211, 212-214, 217, 218, 165-166 227, 228 population structure, 150-154, 165-166 hammer, Michael, 102-103, 147-166 principal component analysis, 147, 151hancock, Angela M., 3, 63-79 152, 153, 155, 165 hapMap Phase ii populations, 65 Puerto ricans, 147, 149-150, 151, 152, harvard University, vii-viii 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159-160, 161, hathnora fossils, 12 162, 164 hausa people, 89, 96 sex bias in ancestry contributions, 103, hawkes, Kristen, 206, 211-229 147, 148-149, 158-160, 161-162 hemoglobin, 32, 51, 285-286 sTrUCTUre results, 147, 153, 154-155, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 121 158, 165 hennig, W., 31 study design implications, 163 henrich, Joseph, 206, 231-255 Uruguayans, 149 henry, Francis, 189 West African ancestry, 103, 147, 148, herto fossils, 38 149, 150-152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 72 159-162, 163, 164, 165 hippocrates, 168 X-chromosome variation, 147, 148, 152, hispanic/latino population genomics 153, 158-159, 160, 161, 162, 165 Argentinians, 149 y-chromosome variation, 147, 159-160, autosomal variation, 147, 148, 151, 152, 161, 162 153, 158, 159, 161, 162 homeobox-containing genes, 287 Brazilians, 149 hominidae, 7, 50, 51 Colombians, 147, 149-150, 151, 152, 153, hominina, 8 154, 155, 156, 157-158, 160, 163, 164 homininae, 7 Costa ricans, 149 hominini, 8 Cubans, 149
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W., 34, 41 classifying, 8 hrdy, s. B., 228 defined, 8 human Genome Diversity Project Panel, gene–culture coevolution, 206, 235-238 65, 150, 151, 154, 155, 164, 165 species recognition, 22 human genomic flaws Homo antecessor, 9, 13, 42, 45 compilations of genetic disorders, Homo cepranensis, 45-46 193-195 duplicons and pseudogenes, 201-202 Homo erectus brain size, 28, 39, 40, 45, 251, 252 evolutionary explanations for, 191, 199 classification, 9 gene regulation and nucleic acid cranial features, 12, 13, 39, 44 surveillance, 196-199 diet, 12 gratuitous complexities, 195-201 discovery, 10 mobile elements, 202-203 geographic locations, 12, 39, 40, 43 mtDnA, 199-201 mandibular and dental features,12, 13 protein-coding DnA sequences, 193-195 posture and locomotion, 11 repetitive DnA elements, 201-203 postcranial skeletal features/stature, 12, split genes, 185-196 36-38, 39, 251 theodicy dilemma, 185, 190-192, 193, temporal range, 12, 40, 42 203-204 tool making and subsistence activities, hume, David, 192, 323 251, 252 hunter-gatherers type specimen, 12 analytical reasoning, 262-263 Homo ergaster, 9, 13, 38, 39 fertility, 223-225 Homo floresiensis, 8, 9, 13, 36, 40 history of African populations, 83, 98-99 Homo georgicus, 28 longevity, 212, 214-216, 217, 219, 221, Homo habilis, 9, 13-14, 18, 36, 38, 39, 323, 223-224, 225 334, 335 social exchange, 296 Homo heidelbergensis, 9, 10, 11, 12-13, 42, huxley, Thomas henry, 6-7, 8, 25, 28, 29, 249, 252 30, 31, 106 Homo helmei Dreyer 1935, 11 hylobates, 29 Homo mauritanicus, 42 Homo neanderthalensis.
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From page 403... ...
See also specializations in reasoning, 295-296 specific languages intelligent design, xv, 104, 185, 186, 187 African language family classification, 188, 189-190, 195, 196, 197, 199, 200, 82-83 201, 204, 257, 277, 279, 284 Afroasiatic speakers, 82, 85, 86, 89, 93, international hapMap Project, 65, 150, 164 94, 95, 96, 97 inuit, 263 Baldwin effect, 281-282 invasive hemochorial placentation, 54 Chomsky's nonadaptationist view, italy and italians 277-278 fossil sites, 45 and cognitive development, 207, 208 hispanic/latino ancestors, 68, 151, 154, 209, 253-254, 261-263, 267, 268, 270, 155, 157 277, 281, 282, 290-292, 300 cultural adaptations and, 235, 253-254 external redundancy and, 287-288 J genetic correlates, 56, 92-99, 253-254 Jablonski, nina G., 103, 167-183 global external redundancy and, Jacovec Cavern fossils, 15 288-290 Java, fossil sites, 1, 10, 28, 38, 39, 43 internal redundancy (gene duplication) Jebel irhoud fossils, 10 paradigm, 285-287 Jinniushan fossils, 12, 38 intraorganismic morphogenetic processes, 275, 282-287 Khoesan speakers, 82-83, 95, 97, 98, 99 K morphological evidence, 14, 253 mutational accident and, 280 Kapsomin fossils, 20 natural selection and, 277, 278, 280, 281 Karafet, Tatiana, 102-103, 147-166 neurology of, 290 Karitiana, 68, 151, 156 niche construction theory, 281-282 Kedung Brubus fossils, 10, 12 niger-Kordofanian speakers, 82, 91, 93Kenya, fossil sites, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 89, 94, 95, 96, 97 151, 155, 156 nilo-saharan speakers, 82, 86, 89-90, Kenyanthropus platyops, 9, 16-17 93-94, 95, 96, 97 Kesem-Kebena basin fossils, 10 population clusters, 92-93 Kirkwood, T
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, 11, 86 Malawi, fossil sites, 14, 18 liang Bua cave fossils, 13 Mandenka, 68, 151, 154, 156 life expectancy, 212, 216, 217, 225, 227 Maritime Chukchee, 65, 66 life spans, 47-48, 58, 59, 194, 215, 228, 264, Martineau, harriet, 323, 324 265, 273. See also longevity Mauer fossils, 12, 46 linnaean hierarchy, 7-8, 33, 51, 52-53 Maya, 68, 151, 154, 155, 156 little ice Age, 177 Mayr, ernst, 32, 36 locomotion.
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See Comparative primate origins, 83-84 morphology self-destruct system, 134 Mouse, 58, 59, 112-113, 116, 117-118, 119, sequence evolution rate, 133 124 structure and function, 102 Multicellularity, advent of, 133 TMrCA estimates, 84 Multiple sclerosis, 173 Mitochondrial malic enzymes, 70, 71 Mus musculus, 143 Molecular clock model, 51, 52 Mushabian artifacts, 85 Molecular evolution. See DnA; Genome Mutualistic sharing, 261, 297, 337 entries; Mitochondrial DnA; Phylogenomic perspective; Proteins N nuttall's blood sera experiments, 47, 50 rates, 51, 52 N-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5Ac)
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nahua, 151, 154, 155, 156, 158, 161 See nry analysis NAT2 drug metabolizing enzyme gene, 74 nonulosonic acids, 107 national human Genome research north Africa and north Africans, 10, 41, institute, 53 85-86, 87, 95, 100, 159, 162, 248 native Americans nry analysis hispanic/latino ancestors, 103, 147, African population history, 83-84, 86, 148, 149, 150-152, 153, 154, 155, 87, 91, 93, 94, 95, 98-99 156, 157-159, 160-161, 162, 163, 164, TMrCA estimates, 84 165-166 nuclear DnA linguistic analysis, 68, 93 bioenergetics, 127, 128, 130-131, 136, naukan yup'ik, 65, 66 137, 139, 142 neantherthal/neandertal (Homo deleterious mutations, 142-143 neanderthalensis) intersymbiont reorganization and, 133 autapomorphies, 45 mutation rate, 130, 142-143 brain size, 11, 39, 40, 250-251 sequence evolution rate, 133 "classic," 11-12, 42 nuttall, George, 47 cranial features, 11, 25, 27-28, 39, 41, 44, 45 O Darwin's observations, 27-28 fossil sites, 1, 9, 11, 12, 42 obesity, 137 FOXP2 gene, 56, 239, 241, 249-250 oceania and oceanic people, 68, 93 genetic diversity, 12 old World primates, 52, 60, 116, 288 genome sequencing, 12, 41, 53, 56, 239, oldowan traditions, 252 241, 249-250 olduvai Gorge fossils, 12, 14, 18, 36 introgression between modern humans omo Kibish fossils, 10, 38 and, 249-250 omo shungura fossils, 14, 18 language and culture, 56, 250 orangutans, 7, 29, 30, 32, 41, 50, 51, 52, 53, last common ancestor, 13, 41-42, 249 106 mandibular and dental features, 11, 28, orcadians, 68, 151, 154, 157 42, 45 Orrorin, 34 origin, 27 O
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robustus, 9, 17-18, 23 brain evolution, 54-60 Paraustralopithecus, 17, 18 Darwinian framework, 48, 59-60 Pastoralism and pastoralist populations distantly related mammalian taxa, 47, African history of, 3-4, 87-90 48, 53-54, 58-59 cattle milking, 87-88 divergence dates, 52 gene flows between, 3-4, 84-85, 94-95 ecoregion, subsistence, and dietary genetic adaptations, 67, 72, 73, 74, 76, adaptations, 60, 64, 65, 66-76, 88 88-90 energy metabolism, 3, 47-48, 57-59, 64 lactase persistence in, 88-90 genome-wide association studies in linguistic analysis, 87-90 humans, 71, 72, 78-79, 64, 81 Pathogens lineages of interest, 54 sialic acid evolution, 101, 102, 105, 107, linguistic analysis of African 108-109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, populations, 92-99 121, 122, 124 molecular methods, 7, 50-53 Peking University, viii primate sequencing projects, 53 Peninj fossils, 18 research opportunities, 59-60 Pentosuria, 193 Pigmentation. See skin pigmentation Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor α Pima, 68, 151, 156, 161 (PPArα)
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From page 408... ...
See also 299, 314-317 neanderthal experimental tests, 300-305 Prenatal development period, 48, 54 intentional violations vs. innocent Principle of parsimony, 7, 111, 116-117, 273 mistakes, 309-313 Princeton University, vii intentionality without benefits, 310-311 Principal component analyses, 39, 147, 151- interpretation of rules and, 314 152, 153, 155, 165 permission rules without benefits, Pritchard, Jonathan, 3, 63-79 305-309 Prokaryotic evolution, 48 permission schema theory, 304, 306, 308, Proline, 71 309, 314 Pronatalist culture, 244-245 person categorization, 296-298 Protein kinases, 109, 137, 139-140, 197-199 selection pressures for, 296 Proteins social contract algorithms for, 296, amino acid sequencing, 3, 7, 51 303-305 antigenic divergencies, 32, 50-51, 55 social contract theory and, 299, 300-305, galectins, 55 306, 309 hemoglobin analysis, 32, 51 and theory of mind, 317 α-Protobacterium, 133 reciprocation and reciprocal altruism, 261, Protomitochondrion, 133 266, 296, 297, 298-299, 312 Proto-nucleus-cytosol, 133 reconquista, 162 Pseudogenes, 105, 111, 114, 116, 121, 185, reconstruction of human evolution.
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From page 409... ...
, 53 conserved arginine residue, 111, 113 sambungmachan fossils, 12 gene conversion on siglec-11 sandawe people and language, 83, 93, 94, human–nonhuman hominid differences, 95, 97, 98-99 109-110 sangiran fossils, 12 neu5Ac-binding, 112, 113, 114 sardinians, 68, 151, 154, 157 placental expression of siglec-6 in scheinfeldt, laura B., 3-4, 81-100 preeclampsia, 105, 111, 114-116 schultz, Adolph h., 32 population genetics and selective sweeps, 239, 250 polymorphisms, 121 semitic languages amd speakers, 82, 96 pseudogenization of activatory siglecs, senescence. See also longevity 105, 111, 114, 116, 121 hamiltonian theory, 211, 212-214, 217, recognition of sias, 110-112, 113 218, 227, 228 research opportunities, 122 Williams theory, 212, 213, 214, 218 sialoadhesin on macrophages, 112-113 sephardic Jews, 162 T-cell expression, 115 sex-biased gene flow, 91, 103, 147, 148-149, sima de los huesos fossils, 11-12, 13, 38, 39, 158-160, 161-162 40, 42-45, 46 shiwiar, 302 sima del elefante fossils, 42 sialic acids, human–nonhuman simpson, George Gaylord, 32-34 hominid differences.
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From page 410... ...
0 / Index at energy metabolism genes, 64 spliceosomes, 195, 196 genic, 63, 66-70, 71, 75, 77-78 starch and sucrose metabolism, 64, 65, 70, nongenic, 66, 67, 70, 77-78 71, 74, 231, 245 nonsynonymous, 63, 66-70, 75, 77-78 state University of new york at stony sirtuin-mediated deacetylation, 132, 140 Brook, viii siwalik hills fossils, 10 steinheim fossils, 11-12, 46 skin cancer, 170-171, 179, 180, 181 sterkfontein fossils, 14, 15 skin evolution sterner, Kirstin n., 2-3, 47-61 epidermal differentiation, 170-171 stickleback fish, 132 hairlessness, 170 strait of Gibraltar, 86 skin pigmentation strepsirrhines, 52 Aristote's climate theory, 168 Streptococcus Group B, 112 Darwin's sexual selection hypothesis, sub-saharan Africa/Africans, 68, 73, 89, 103, 168, 169 91, 100 early views of, 168-169 sudan, 86, 89, 93 folate metabolism and, 167, 171-172, 179 sudanic languages and speakers, 82, 87, 96 geographic variation in Uvr and, 103, sukernik, rem, 3, 63-79 167, 172-173, 174-177 surui, 68, 151, 156 infants, 181 swanscombe fossils, 11-12, 45, 46 model system for teaching evolution, swartkrans fossils, 14, 17, 18 181-182 symbiotic origin of eukaryotes, 48, 129, reflectance measure, 170 131, 133, 200 seasonal variation in Uvr and, 167, 170 selective pressures, 167, 169, 170, 171 T 172, 177-178, 179, 249 sexual dimorphism, 170, 179 Tabarin, 19 skin cancer relevance, 170-171, 179, 180, Tanzania, fossil sites, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 18, 181 36, 88, 89, 98, 223 tanning, 103, 167-168, 178, 180-181 Tarsius syrichta (tarsier) , 53 vitamin D photosynthesis and, 103, 167, Taung child, 10, 15, 28, 32 170-171, 172-174, 178, 179, 180, 181, Taxonomy 249 anatomically modern Homo, 2, 8, 9, slavery and slave trade, 148, 160, 168 10-11 slow loris, 54 archaic hominins, 15-17, 23 synchroton radiation microtomography, 24 grade concept, 8-10, 30, 32, 33, 36, 38 smith, samuel stanhope, 168-169, 170 interpretation challenges, 5, 21-23 social contract theory, 300-305 megadont archaic hominins, 17-19 socrates, 103, 188 possible hominins, 19-21 sodium homeostasis, 65 premodern Homo, 11-13 soi, sameer, 3-4, 81-100 transitional hominins, 13-14 south Africa, fossil sites, 15, 17, 36, 65, 76, Temporal ranges of taxa, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 98 16, 17, 18-19, 42, 137 southern African Khoesan (sAK)
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From page 411... ...
See also skin Wilm's tumor, 138-139 pigmentation Witonsky, David B., 3, 63-79 data sources, 182-183 Wood, Bernard, 1-2, 5-25 geographic variation, 103, 167, 172-173, 174-177 X seasonal variation, 167, 170, 178, 180-181 X-chromosome variation in hispanic/ selective pressures of, 167, 169, 170, 171 latino population ancestry, 147, 148, 172, 177-178, 179 152, 153, 158-159, 160, 161, 162, 165 solar irradiance and insolation, 177 Xujiayao fossils, 12 Uraha fossils, 14 Urinary bladder cancer, 72 Uruguayans, 149 Y Utah Population Data Base, 224 Utermann, Gerd, 3, 63-79 y-chromosome variationn hispanic/latino population ancestry, 147, 159-160, 161, 162 V yanomamö, 262-263 yoruba, 68, 151, 154, 155, 156 varki, Ajit, 101-102, 105-125 yunxian fossils, 12 velez, Christopher, 102-103, 147-166 vindija fossils, 12 vitamin D photosynthesis, 103, 167, 170 Z 171, 172-174, 178, 179, 180, 181, 249 Zambia, fossil sites, 45 Zhoukoudian fossils, 12, 38, 40, 42, 43 Zuttiyeh fossils, 12 Zinjanthropus, 17, 18
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