Waste Forms Technology and Performance Interim Report (2010) / Chapter Skim
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1 • Potential modifications of waste form production methods that may lead to more efficient production of waste forms that meet their performance requirements. • Potential new waste forms that may offer enhanced performance or lead to more efficient production.
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In a well-designed disposal system, the waste forms and disposal facility into which they are emplaced work together to sequester radioactive and hazardous constituents. The near-field environment of the disposal site and other engineered barriers, if present, establish the physical and chemical bounds within which the waste form performs its sequestering function.
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The committee will not make recommendations on applications of particular production methods or waste forms to specific EM waste streams. A major focus of the DOE-EM cleanup program is on retrieving legacy wastes resulting from nuclear weapons production and testing and processing them into waste forms suitable for disposal in onsite or offsite facilities.
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There have been numerous recent reports on the development of waste forms and processing technologies for advanced nuclear fuel cycles; some examples are given in Attachment D Examples of these technologies include: • Waste form materials designed for significantly higher waste loadings or for improved performance in specific disposal environments.
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WASTE FORM AND PROCESSING OPPORTUNITIES The committee has identified four opportunities consistent with its statement of task (Box 2) : Production of crystalline ceramic 5 waste forms using fluidized bed steam • reforming • Production of glass, glass composite, and crystalline ceramic waste forms using cold crucible induction melters • Production of glass, glass composite, and crystalline ceramic waste forms using hot isostatic pressing • Evaluation of the long-term durability of new waste form materials using experimental studies, laboratory tests, and model development 3 A waste stream is referred to as orphan when it has no clear-cut disposition pathway.
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Its primary advantages are high throughput and ability to accommodate a wide range of feeds and additives, including feeds containing anionic sulfur and nitrogen species, halides, and organics that are incompatible with some other types of waste forms and waste form production processes. FBSR is based on fluidized bed technology, which was invented in the 19th century and found widespread use in the refining and chemical industries starting around World War II.
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and increased production rates of high-activity and low-activity waste forms. • For processing waste streams, including resins, containing large quantities of organic materials and nitrates.
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Cold Crucible Induction Melter Technology The Cold Crucible Induction Melter (CCIM) is a promising technology for producing glass, glass composite, and crystalline ceramic waste forms.
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Its deployment in DOE-EM applications may require some up-front development work to ensure its compatibility with specific process flowsheets, but no basic research is likely to be required. Because CCIMs are smaller per unit of throughput and operationally more robust than JHMs, they could potentially be back-fitted to the Defense Waste Processing Facility at Savannah River and the Waste Treatment Plant at Hanford.
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Notably, it produces monolithic waste forms with substantially reduced volumes compared to untreated waste streams. Because the waste is processed in a sealed can, there are no volatile emissions.
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Although HIP is a flexible technology it does have some limitations. Crystalline ceramic waste forms produced by HIP (as well as conventional press and sinter technology)
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Understanding the long-term durability of waste forms can provide valuable information for higher-level safety analyses of disposal systems.
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In the committee's judgment, assessment of the long-term durability of crystalline ceramic waste forms represents a key near-term opportunity for DOE-EM. Crystalline ceramic materials produced, for example, by FBSR and HIP have been identified elsewhere in this interim report as flexible waste forms with many potential applications, including high-activity and low activity waste immobilization.
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The committee's final report will address the statement of task in its entirety. It will provide a more detailed assessment of waste forms, processing technologies, and state-of-the-art tests and models.
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