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1 Introduction
Pages 15-32

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From page 15...
... Diversifying the energy carriers used in mobility systems beyond petroleum-based products and develop 1 The crude oil refiners' acquisition cost is the cost to refiners, including transportation and other fees. The average cost is calculated from the sum of the total purchasing (acquisition)
From page 16...
... Developing vehicles with improved fuel economy that use petroleum-derived gasoline or diesel fuel, or that can use non-petroleum-based energy (e.g., hydrogen fuel, biomass-based fuels, or electricity) , have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector in addition to reducing the nation's dependence on petro leum (NAS/NAE/NRC, 2009a,b; NRC, 2009a)
From page 17...
... . The long-term vision of the Partnership is a clean and sustainable energy future, in the near term supporting a wide range of hybrid electric vehicles and with a long-term strategic goal of developing technologies for hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicles that are not dependent on oil and with no harmful emissions or greenhouse gases (DOE, 2004a,b,e)
From page 18...
... Satyapal, DOE, "Overview of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership," Presentation to the committee, August 4, 2009, Southfield, Michigan. 1-1 fixed automotive battery manufacturing facilities and transportation electrification.
From page 19...
... However, it also emphasizes the need for continued investment in longer-term, higher-risk, higher-payoff vehicle technologies that could be highly transfor mational with regard to reduced use of petroleum and reduced emissions. Such technolo gies include advanced batteries, technologies for hydrogen storage, and hydrogen/fuel cells.
From page 20...
... Heretofore, the infrastructure issues associated with PHEVs, BEVs, and biofuels have not been part of the FreedomCAR and Partnership charter, but those issues are essential to meeting Partnership goals. To address the technical challenges associated with this envisioned pathway, the Partnership has established quantitative technology and cost targets6 for 2010 and 2015 in eight areas: • Fundamental combustion and emission control R&D for ICEs, • Fuel cell power systems, • Fuel cells, • Hydrogen storage systems, • Energy storage systems for hybrid vehicles, • Hydrogen production and delivery systems, • Electric propulsion systems, and • Materials for lightweight vehicles.
From page 21...
... Members of the fuel cell and vehicle technical team come from the USCAR partners and the DOE. They handle fuel cells, advanced combustion and emissions control, systems engineering and analysis, electrochemical energy storage,
From page 22...
... . The VT program has the following specific goal: to support "R&D that will lead to new technologies that reduce our nation's dependence on imported oil, further decrease vehicle emissions, and serve as a bridge from today's conven tional power trains and fuels to tomorrow's hydrogen-powered hybrid fuel cell vehicles" (DOE, 2004b, p.
From page 23...
... fuel cell R&D is undertaken in the FCT program, which is focused on the following: • Overcoming technical barriers through R&D on hydrogen production, delivery, and storage technologies, as well as on fuel cell technolo gies for transportation, distributed stationary power, and portable power applications; • Addressing safety concerns and developing model codes and standards; • Validating and demonstrating hydrogen fuel cells in real-world condi tions; and • Educating key stakeholders whose acceptance of these technologies is critical to their success in the marketplace (DOE, 2004a,b)
From page 24...
... Since virtually no petroleum is used to produce electricity in the United States, this would reduce demand for petroleum in the transportation sector but would not necessarily decrease the amount of CO2 production. During the Phase 2 review, the committee noted that, depending on the mix of fuels used to supply electricity for such vehicles, this could lead to increased natural gas imports and consumption of coal, with implications for greenhouse gas emissions.
From page 25...
... But it will likely also stimulate interest in biofuels, alternative liquid fuels, PHEVs, and all-electric vehicles, thus creating a funding competition for hydrogenfueled fuel cell vehicles. As noted in recent NRC reports and in the committee's interim letter report, a balanced portfolio of R&D on a variety of long-range options will be needed (NRC, 2008b; NAS/NAE/NRC, 2009a,b; NRC, 2009a,b)
From page 26...
... The Partnership is structured to address the obvious barriers to achieving this goal for both the fuel cell vehicle and the hydrogen fuel production and delivery systems. Other alternative fuels, such as cellulosic-based ethanol, also will require exten sive infrastructure investments if they become a significant part of the light-dutyvehicle fuel supply (NAS/NAE/NRC, 2009a)
From page 27...
... The DOE has focused significant efforts on this transition concept, as discussed in Chapter 4. Nevertheless, even assuming a maximum practicable number of hydrogen-fueled fuel cell vehicles beginning to enter the marketplace in 2015, it would take a couple of decades for significant impacts on reductions in petroleum consumption and greenhouse gas emissions (NRC, 2008b)
From page 28...
... If a transition to hydrogen-fueled fuel cell vehicles is to result in low emissions for the full fuel cycle, then hydrogen will have to be produced with processes having low emissions -- for example, in central plants fueled by coal or natural gas with CCS, or by using renewable energy or nuclear energy technologies (NRC, 2008b)
From page 29...
... (5) Examine and comment on the Partnership's strategy for accomplishing its goals, especially in the context of ongoing developments in biofuels, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, electric vehicles, the recent enactment of legislation on corporate average fuel economy standards for light-duty vehicles, and possible legislation on carbon emissions.
From page 30...
... The subgroups also met with the Partnership technical team leaders to clarify answers to questions and better understand the team dynamics, and several committee members visited the General Motors Honeoye facility in New York State to view its fuel cell vehicle developments. The Partnership also provided responses to the recommendations from the Phase 2 report, and these are included in the National Academies' public access file.
From page 31...
... 2009. "Addendum to the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership Plan to Integrate Electric Utility Industry Representatives." February.


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