Sequence-Based Classification of Select Agents A Brighter Line (2010) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix K: Interactions of Infectious Agents with the Host
Appendix K: Interactions of Infectious Agents with the Host
Pages 193-206
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From page 193... ...
graminicola named S1 and S2, and adapted to wheat, were identified on wild grasses collected in northwest Iran. The S1 and S2 populations were encountered on three different weedy grass species growing in the proximity of fields cultivated with wheat.
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Host Jump Host jump describes a process through which a new pathogen emerges in a host species that is genetically distant from the original plant host (e.g., from another class or order)
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. HOST SPECIES TROPISM Variola and Monkeypox Viruses What we know concerning variola and monkeypox virus virulence genes involved in host species tropism comes by analogy to well-characterized orthopoxvirus orthologues.
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tularensis is a complicated process that involves, but is likely not limited to, genes encoded on the large Francisella pathogenicity island. Genomic and proteomic analysis of F
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Thus, once again, knowledge of the genome sequence of a group of related organisms does not allow us to predict the pathogenicity of any of the organisms. HOST INNATE RESPONSES AND PATHOGEN ENCODED COUNTERMEASURES Microbial pathogens have evolved complex and efficient methods to overcome both innate and adaptive immune host responses to infection.
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. • Pseudomonas syringae AvrPto and AvrPtoB act upstream of the MAP kinase signaling to suppress transcription of a few transcripts induced by flagellin via PRR FLS2.
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Viruses more so than bacteria directly interfere with PRR signaling. The importance of this pathway in the control of virus replication is underscored by the identification of greater than 19 inhibitors of PRR signaling encoded by protypic viruses from 9 virus families (Bowie and Unterholzner 2008)
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As such, cytokine/che mokine signaling pathways are key targets of microbial evasion and subversion mechanisms that act inside the cell, at the plasma membrane, and outside the cell. Microbial pathogens block or subvert the intracellular production and/or intracellular signaling of cytokines and chemokines by a number of mecha nisms.
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. Some pathogens sequester cytokines by soluble, virus homologs of host receptors or binding proteins [e.g., orthopoxviruses have binding proteins for IL-1β, IL-18, TNF, CD30, type I and type II IFNs (Alcami 2003)
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However, the spirochete undergoes antigenic varia tion in the host as a mechanism by which to evade the host immune response. As many as 30 different versions of a single Variable Major Protein (Vmp)
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• Proapoptotic genes that contribute to virus induced cell killing and pathogenesis (SARS-CoV-ORF3a/b, ORF6, ORF7a/b, ORF8, S and M glycoproteins; Filoviruses: GP/sGP) ; • Inhibitors of the interferon response, which induces a large number of unique antiviral molecules; (SARS-CoV: nsp1, nsp3(PLP)
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tuberculosis, the bacterium remains walled off in granulomas by a T-helper-cell-dependent host adaptive immune response called cellular immunity. Organ Transplantation For organ transplant recipients, the risk of infection and the type of infection are functions of the degree of immunodeficiency (i.e., type of immu nosuppressive regimen)
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. Despite this stereotypic assembly process, within a single mammalian species, including Homo sapiens, each individual has a virtually unique microbiome; its composition and the phenotypes expressed affect as well as reflect the overall biological diversity of humans.
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