Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals Volume 9 (2010) / Chapter Skim
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1 Bromine
1 Bromine
Pages 13-45
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From page 13... ...
Both the document and the AEGL values were then reviewed by the National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels.
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Airborne concentrations below the AEGL-1 represent exposure levels that could produce mild and progressively increasing but transient and nondisabling odor, taste, and sensory irritation or certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects. With increasing airborne concentrations above each AEGL, there is a progressive increase in the likelihood of occurrence and the severity of effects described for each corresponding AEGL.
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. The 30-min 1-ppm value was divided by an intraspecies uncertainty factor of 3 to protect susceptible individuals and time-scaled to the other AEGL2 exposure durations by using the concentration-exposure duration relationship of C2.2 × t = k from the mouse lethality study.
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Therefore, many of the data are considered unreliable. Two inhalation studies with the mouse as the test species and using several concentrations and exposure durations were located.
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ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm and throat irritation in (3.6 (2.2 (1.6 (0.85 (0.62 humans (Rupp and mg/m3)
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2.2.2. General Toxic Effects The signs and symptoms associated with human exposure to low concentrations include upper airways irritation, inflammation of the eyelids, lacrimation, coughing, nosebleed, and a feeling of oppression, dizziness, and headache (Flury and Zernik 1931; Alexandrov 1983; Teitelbaum 2001)
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determined the odor threshold and subjective irritation concentrations of both chlorine and bromine. These authors subjected 20 healthy students to "low concentrations" of bromine or chlorine in an 8 m3 exposure chamber.
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Eye irritation was first noted at a bromine concentration of 0.1 ppm and occurred within the first 30 min of exposure. At concentrations of 0.2 ppm and higher, distinct nose, eye, and throat irritation occurred, with a rapidly increasing concentration response.
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2.3. Developmental and Reproductive Effects No data concerning developmental and reproductive effects of bromine exposure in humans by the inhalation route were identified in the available literature.
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A study using human subjects reported eye irritation at a concentration of 0.1 ppm and additional sensory irritation at concentrations of ≥0.2 ppm (Rupp and Henschler 1967)
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Neither the exposure time nor the original citation was stated. Two other acute lethality studies, both using the mouse as the test species, provided details of the exposures.
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to various concentrations of bromine for 30 min in order to calculate an LC50. Generation and measurement methods were the same as in a companion study that used human subjects (Rupp and Henschler 1967)
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3.3. Developmental and Reproductive Effects No data concerning developmental effects of bromine in animals were found in the available literature.
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. Limited data were located concerning genotoxicity, and no data concerning developmental effects or carcinogenicity were located in the available literature.
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Species Differences No relatively recent data sufficient for comparing differences in species sensitivity for either irritation or lethality were located in the available literature. In the older data, no differences were found in lethality values in two separate exposures between the cat and guinea pig and guinea pig and rabbit (Lehmann 1887)
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From page 28... ...
, reported eye irritation, but no nose or throat irritation, at a concentration of 0.1 ppm for 30 min. Concentrations of 0.5 to 0.9 ppm were irritating to the conjunctiva, nose, and throat.
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From page 29... ...
At concentrations ≥0.5 ppm, there was a stinging and burning sensation of the conjunctiva. The 30-min 0.1 ppm concentration, which caused mild irritation, was divided by an intraspecies uncertainty factor of 3 to protect susceptible individuals.
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From page 30... ...
. The 30-min 1 ppm value was divided by an intraspecies uncertainty factor of 3 to protect susceptible individuals and time-scaled to the other AEGL-2 exposure durations using the concentration-exposure duration relationship of C2.2 × t = k from the mouse lethality study.
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Appendix B is a category graph of the toxicity data in relation to AEGL values. The calculated AEGL-3 values for bromine are below those of chlorine (NRC 2004)
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From page 32... ...
, and workers have been occupationally exposed at 1 ppm with no reported symptoms other than "excess irritation." The AEGL-1 values were not time-scaled, as adaptation to mild sensory irritation occurs. Timescaling for the AEGL-2 was based on a lethality study with the mouse (Bitron and Aharonson 1978)
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The same references were used for derivation of all AEGL values. TABLE 1-10 Summary of AEGL Values for Bromine Exposure Duration Classification 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h AEGL-1 0.033 ppm 0.033 ppm 0.033 ppm 0.033 ppm 0.033 ppm (0.22 mg/m3)
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The ERPG-3 is the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to 1 h without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects. b IDLH (immediately dangerous to life or health, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)
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g TLV-STEL (Threshold Limit Value–short-term exposure limit, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists)
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2001. The AIHA 2001 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides.
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1989. Relative acute toxicities in the respiratory tract of inhaled hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen bromide and hydrogen chloride.
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Pp. 230-273 in Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, Vol.
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39 Bromine APPENDIX A DERIVATION OF AEGL VALUES FOR BROMINE Derivation of AEGL-1 Key study: Rupp and Henschler 1967 Toxicity end point: Eye irritation in humans at 0.1 ppm for 30 min Uncertainty factors: 3 for intraspecies variability Time-scaling: Not applied; adaptation to mild sensory irritation Modifying factor: None Calculation: 0.1 ppm/3 = 0.033 ppm Derivation of AEGL-2 Key study: Rupp and Henschler 1967 Toxicity end point: Eye, nose, and throat irritation in humans at 1.0 ppm for 30 min C2.2 × t = k, based on mouse lethality study Time-scaling: (Bitron and Aharonson 1978) Uncertainty factors: 3 for intraspecies variability Modifying factor: None (Concentration/uncertainty factors)
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Uncertainty factors: 3 for intraspecies variability 3 for interspecies variability Modifying factor: None (Concentration/uncertainty factors) 2.2 × t = k Calculations: (116 ppm/10)
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From page 41... ...
41 Bromine APPENDIX B CATEGORY GRAPH OF TOXICITY DATA AND AEGL VALUES Bromine Category Graph - All Data 1000.0 Human - No Effect Human - Discomfort 100.0 Human - Disabling Animal - No Effect 10.0 ppm Animal - Discomfort AEGL-3 1.0 Animal - Disabling AEGL-2 Animal - Some Lethality 0.1 AEGL-1 Animal - Lethal 0.0 AEGL 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 Minutes FIGURE B-1 Category graph for bromine. TABLE B-1 Data Used in Category Graph Categorya Source Species ppm Min AEGL-1 0.033 10 AEGL AEGL-1 0.033 30 AEGL AEGL-1 0.033 60 AEGL AEGL-1 0.033 240 AEGL AEGL-1 0.033 480 AEGL AEGL-2 0.55 10 AEGL AEGL-2 0.33 30 AEGL AEGL-2 0.24 60 AEGL AEGL-2 0.13 240 AEGL AEGL-2 0.095 480 AEGL (Continued)
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From page 42... ...
42 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels TABLE B-1 Continued Categorya Source Species ppm Min AEGL-3 19 10 AEGL AEGL-3 12 30 AEGL AEGL-3 8.5 60 AEGL AEGL-3 4.5 240 AEGL AEGL-3 3.3 480 AEGL Bitron and Aharonson 1978 Mouse 240 24 SL Mouse 240 65 SL Mouse 240 120 SL Mouse 240 215 SL Mouse 750 5 2 Mouse 750 7 SL Mouse 750 13 SL Mouse 750 24 SL Schlagbauer and Mouse 111 30 2 Henschler 1967 Mouse 140 30 SL Mouse 199 30 SL Mouse 236 30 SL Mouse 252 30 SL Mouse 268 30 SL Mouse 290 30 3 Mouse 315 30 3 Rupp and Henschler 1967 Human 0.1 30 1 Human 0.2 30 1 Human 0.5 30 1 Human 0.9 30 1 a Category 0, no effect; 1, discomfort; 2, disabling, 3, lethal; SL, some lethality.
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:79-90. Test Species/Strain/Number: 20 human subjects Exposure Route/Concentrations/Durations: Inhalation, concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 ppm for at least 30 min Effects: 0.1 ppm: eye irritation 0.50 to 1.0 ppm: eye, nose, and throat irritation End Point/Concentration/Rationale: Eye irritation but not nose or throat irritation at 0.1 ppm for 30 min; meets the AEGL-1 definition of notable discomfort.
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Irritation appeared to be limited to the upper respiratory tract with likely little penetration to the lower respiratory tract. Compared with the 30-min AEGL-2 value of 2.8 ppm for chlorine (which was protective of sensitive subjects)
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From page 45... ...
Data Adequacy: Compared with the lethality data on chlorine, these values may be conservative, but based on the small database for bromine, extra protectiveness was considered appropriate.
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