Research Opportunities in Corrosion Science and Engineering (2011) / Chapter Skim
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2 Corrosion Research Grand Challenges
2 Corrosion Research Grand Challenges
Pages 39-52
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From page 39... ...
DISCOVERINg THE CORROSION gRAND CHALLENgES For the purposes of this study, the committee established the following as the criteria that a corrosion research grand challenge must meet: • The corrosion research problem is demonstrably difficult to solve. • The problem involves something that was not solved in the past, but may prove to be readily solvable if modern techniques are applied to the research.
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From page 40... ...
The Department of Energy's Basic Energy Sciences organization has consistently used the grand challenge approach to identify difficult science problems across a range of basic research areas.7 1 National Academy of Engineering, Grand Challenges for Engineering, The National Acad emies Press, Washington, D.C., 2009. 2 Typically, corrosion research needs are rarely explicitly identified, and when they are mentioned it is within the context of a discrete engineering goal.
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From page 41... ...
, starting with an overarching context for a grand challenge. For example: -- Formulate a set of societal grand challenges, and then identify corrosion research grand challenges that support these societal challenges.
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From page 42... ...
The result was a small set of corrosion grand challenges. 3 This approach was similar to that taken by the Department of Transportation in developing deci sion-making strategies for the future: a set of external forces and trends were identified and cross matched with a set of research focus areas; see "Long Range Strategic Issues Facing the Transportation Industry -- Final Research Plan Framework," prepared for National Cooperative Highway Research Program Project 20-80, Task 2, by ICF International, October 17, 2008, available at http://onlinepubs.
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From page 43... ...
When coupled with Figure 2.2, the information in Table 2.1 suggests the relevance of corrosion research challenges to the intended goals of federal agencies with missions in these societal areas. CORROSION gRAND CHALLENgES The list of 11 challenges in Table 2.1 was sufficiently comprehensive to allow the next step of analysis -- identifying the corrosion grand challenges.
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From page 44... ...
TABLE 2.1 Matrix of Challenges and Societal Drivers That Lead to Corrosion Research Opportunities Health and National Challenges Infrastructure Safety Energy Environment Security Education ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ Cost-effective corrosion- and stress corrosion/hydrogen embrittlement-resistant materials ¸ ¸ Environmentally friendly materials, coatings, and inhibitors ¸ ¸ ¸ Understanding the nature of protective films and scales, including structure ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ Complete and comprehensive understanding of electrochemistry and other interfaces from the electronic to the microscale level ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ Lifetime modeling and prediction, design for specific corrosion properties, quantitative environmental corrosion intensity factor ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ Advanced coatings, including long-lasting paint and functional coatings ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ Science of accelerated testing; quantitative assessment technique for corrosion rate in "difficult" electrolytes ¸ ¸ ¸ Product and reaction pathways in systems with multiple environmental stresses ¸ ¸ Constructive uses of corrosion (synthesis, mechanistic understanding of functional processes) ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ Effects of stress and cracking ¸ ¸ ¸ Prognosis -- sensors, detection, remote monitoring
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From page 45... ...
degradation, Table 2.2 indicates how the 10 remaining challenges were grouped by the committee to yield four corrosion grand challenges (CGCs) : CGC I -- Development of cost-effective, environment-friendly corrosionresistant materials and coatings; CGC II -- High-fidelity modeling for the prediction of corrosion degradation in actual service environments; CGC III -- Accelerated corrosion testing under controlled laboratory conditions that quantitatively correlates to observed long-term behavior in service environments; and CGC IV -- Accurate forecasting of remaining service time until major repair, replacement, or overhaul becomes necessary -- i.e., corrosion prognosis.
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From page 46... ...
research oPPortunities corrosion science engineering in and TABLE 2.2 Correlation of Corrosion Challenges to Corrosion Grand Challenges Challenge Key Area for R&D Grand Challenge Cost-effective corrosion- and stress Design, Mitigation CGC I corrosion/hydrogen embrittlement- Development of cost-effective, resistant materials environmentally friendly corrosion resistant materials and coatings Environmentally friendly materials, Design coatings, and inhibitors Advanced coatings, including long- Design lasting paint and functional coatings Understanding the nature of Prediction CGC II protective films and scales, including High-fidelity modeling for the structure prediction of corrosion degradation in actual service environments Complete and comprehensive Prediction understanding of electrochemistry and other interfaces from the electronic to the microscale level Lifetime modeling and prediction, Prediction, design for specific corrosion Mitigation properties, quantitative environmental corrosion intensity factor Product and reaction pathways in Prediction systems with multiple environmental stresses Effects of stress and cracking Prediction Science of accelerated testing; Prediction CGC III quantitative assessment technique Accelerated corrosion testing under for corrosion rate in "difficult" controlled laboratory conditions that electrolytes quantitatively correlates to observed long-term behavior in service environments Prognosis -- sensors, detection, Detection, Prediction CGC IV remote monitoring Accurate forecasting of remaining service time until major repair, replacement, or overhaul becomes necessary -- i.e., corrosion prognosis
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From page 47... ...
CGC II leads to the development of modeling tools and databases that will allow calculation of the degree of corrosion attack and the effort required to reduce its impact, for a particular application given the material of interest, sufficient knowledge of the anticipated corrosion environment, and the different corrosion processes of concern. This capability will allow quantitative consideration of the life-cycle costs for different design solutions during the acquisition phase of a system that will be subject to corrosive environments.
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From page 48... ...
The corrosion research opportunities presented in Chapter 3 of this report support the corrosion grand challenges presented above. In prioritizing these research opportunities, various factors should be taken into account, including expected societal value, degree of scientific difficulty, and the time required to at tain a meaningful benefit.
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From page 49... ...
Example: Dams and bridges (highway and railroad) Research Opportunity: Development of highly durable, accurate corrosion sensors suitable for remote application; development and validation of algorithms that use sensor informa tion to determine extent of life degradation and predict when maintenance actions will be necessary Challenge: Cutting by half the cost of materials for energy systems Societal Driver: Energy Need: Lack of cost-effective materials leads to high energy costs, including inability to fully develop energy resources.
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From page 50... ...
Recommendation: Using as guidance the four corrosion grand challenges developed by the committee, each federal agency or department should iden tify the areas of corrosion research pertinent to its mission and draw up a road map for fulfilling its related responsibilities. In doing so, each should take a cross-organizational approach to planning and execution and should include input from industrial sectors that have experience in handling corrosion.
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From page 51... ...
For agencies that do not have a strategic plan, corrosion research appears fragmented, and funding is allocated without considering the full impact on agency activities. While each agency and department must play a role consistent with its own mission, isolated government programs can lead to duplicative efforts, reduced opportunities for synergistic progress, and difficulty in focusing interdisciplinary research teams on addressing large-impact research opportunities.
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From page 52... ...
OSTP should set up a multiagency committee on the environmental degradation of materials. It should begin by documenting current federal expenditures on corrosion research and mitigation and then encouraging multiagency attention to issues of research, mitigation, and information dissemination.
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