Nanotechnology and Oncology Workshop Summary (2011) / Chapter Skim
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2 Uses of Nanotechnology in Oncology and Cancer Research
2 Uses of Nanotechnology in Oncology and Cancer Research
Pages 9-24
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Barker pointed out. These traits include self-sufficiency in growth signals, the ability to evade programmed cell death and induce immunologic tolerance, limitless potential to replicate, and the ability to invade tissues and form metastases that can induce the growth of blood vessels to support them.
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Barker said. Nanotechnology has the capacity to deal with the complexity of cancer, she said, by providing tools that can help elucidate what drives cancer initiation and progression; providing tools that can help define the types and subtypes of cancer and combining measurement of cancer biomarkers that can diagnose cancer with therapies that target the specific disease identified by diagnostic measurements; capturing enough information to diagnose cancer at the earliest possible time; for established disease, defining therapeutic targets and directing agents to those target while sparing normal cells; monitoring the effectiveness of an intervention; and sensing pre-neoplastic changes that may benefit from preventive therapy.
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Molecular Signatures Much of modern cancer diagnostics that underlies the new "personalized medicine" approach being taken on the forefront of oncology depends on deciphering complex molecular signatures from blood or tumor samples.
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, which is used to monitor prostate cancers, and found that it could detect minute changes in PSA that were not detected in standard PSA assays.
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Ernie Hawk, vice president and division head for cancer prevention and population sciences at MD Anderson Cancer Center, added that "nanotechnology offers the potential to improve our ability to detect early-stage disease or to assay its progression," but he noted that it remains to be seen whether nanotechnology screening devices will have the sensitivity and specificity to detect a small collection of cells on a neoplastic pathway. Barcode technology is likely to be useful in monitoring response to cancer therapies.
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14 NANOTECHNOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY ELISA validation of barcode assay Chip design B – Breast; P – Prostate CHIP 2 CHIP 1
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NOTES: B = breast cancer; DEAL = DNA-encoded antibody barcode; GM-CSF = granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; IBBC = integrated blood barcode chip; IFN-γ = interferon-γ; IL-1α = interleukin-1α; IL-1β = interleukin-1β; IL-2 = interleukin-2; IL-6 = interleukin-6; IL-10 = interleukin-10; IL-12 = interleukin-12; MCP-1 = monocyte chemotactic protein-1; P = prostate cancer; PSA = prostatespecific antigen; RBC = red blood cell; TGF-β = transforming growth factor β; TNF-γ = tumor necrosis factor γ; WBC = white blood cell. SOURCES: Barker presentation (July 12, 2010)
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The Cy5.5-labeled nanoparticles were injected in the mouse model prior to surgery and were used as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. Images like the one above can then be taken intraoperatively for use in tumor border determination.
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Dr. Steven Curley, professor of surgery, chief of gastrointestinal tumor surgery, and program director of multidisciplinary gastrointestinal care at MD Anderson Cancer Center, pointed out that gadolinium-loaded carbon nanostructures or gold-coated nanoparticles also can be used as contrast agents for MR and provide more detail than standard contrast agents.
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TREATMENT Several speakers showed how nanotechnology is likely to improve cancer treatment by improving its targeting precision. Many cancer drugs cause serious and sometimes fatal side effects because they are spread systemically throughout the body, where they do damage to healthy tissues.
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The drug was approved to treat breast cancer in 2005 and has since been shown in clinical trials to be an effective treatment for patients with pancreatic or lung cancers, or melanoma. Researchers are also pursuing other nanoconstructs that shield healthy tissue from their toxic contents.
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Nanoparticles can also have multiple functions. Some combine drugs with contrast agents, while others might someday be engineered to treat, monitor the effectiveness of treatment, and then re-treat if the treatment is not working, Dr.
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One research lab at the University of Wisconsin created a nanoparticle that could deliver high doses of EGCG. They found, in an animal model, that there was efficient uptake of the nano-delivered EGCG by prostate cancer cells, where it induced programmed cell death, inhibited the formation of blood vessels, and decreased tumor volume (Siddiqui et al., 2009)
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Li showed a list of two dozen either approved nanotechnology cancer drugs or potential nanotechnology cancer drugs currently in clinical trials, which he said was just a partial list of all the nanomaterials being used in the clinic, and did not include Dr. Libutti's nanoTNF, which is currently being tested in a clinical trial (see Table 2)
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lymphoma DTA-IL2 fusion protein Ontak T-cell lymphoma Approved (α-CD25) continued
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; Genexol-PM = Genexol–polymeric micelle; KS = Kaposi sarcoma; LE-SN38 = liposome-encapsulated 7-Ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin; LErafAON = liposome encapsulated c-raf antisense oligonucleotide; MTX-HSA = human serum albumin–bound methotrexate; NK911 = polymeric micelle carrier system for doxorubicin; Onco-TCS = Onco-transmembrane carrier system, the drug vincristine; OSI-211 = liposomal lurtotecan drug manufactured by OSI Pharmaceuticals; PEG-IFNα2a/-IFNα2b = pegylated interferon α-2a/interferon α-2b; PEG-Lasparaginase = polyethylene glycol conjugated asparaginase; PGA-paclitaxel = polyglutamic acid conjugated paclitaxel; PHPMA-doxorubicin = poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate) conjugated doxorubicin; PK1 = N-(2-hydroxypropyl)
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