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1 Introduction
Pages 5-15

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From page 5...
... While the capability of space missions has increased over time -- a reflection of technology evolution -- overall mission costs have remained high. High mis sion costs are typically accompanied by a decreased tolerance for risk, 3 which in turn leads to additional layers of review and risk mitigation during mission development, producing a positive feedback cycle that results in both increased conservatism and mission cost.
From page 6...
... 6 PREVIOUS STUDIES OF INTERAGENCY COOPERATION Although there has not been a single study that specifically examined issues related to interagency collabora tion on Earth and space observations, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) conducted a study in 2005 that identified key practices that can help enhance and sustain agency collaboration in general.
From page 7...
... 10 on the role of interagency collaboration11 in producing information relevant to county directors as they address issues of service integration, the authors note that "the first and perhaps most compelling motivation to collaborate is that col laboration has come to enjoy broad acceptance in political and professional circles as a way to address a variety of problems in the human service system."12 In addition, the study's authors note that "the policy environment, reflecting conventional wisdom on collaboration, is replete with exhortations, mandates, and other incentives for public agencies to work across agency boundaries."13 The external factors driving collaboration in human services are similar to the factors driving collaboration in Earth and space science missions; that is, the policy environment is encouraging, even pushing, collaborations. Also important to note is that the guidance offered by the present committee regarding conditions for successful collaboration is similar to that of SACHS study's four "prerequisites" to collaboration: 14 • Incentive -- mandated versus voluntary collaboration; • Willingness -- the level of trust among participants, shared values, open communication, and a commitment to making it work; • Ability -- relevant knowledge and skills; and • Capacity -- the existence of relevant rules, regulations, norms, communication systems, etc.
From page 8...
... Some of their key findings are summarized here. In a 1998 report,1 a joint committee of the Space Studies Board and the European Space Science Committee identified the following as elements essential to successful international cooperation in space research missions: 1.
From page 9...
... record_id=5981. 2 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, International Space Station Lessons Learned as Applied to Exploration, International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board, NASA Kennedy Space Center, Fla., July 22, 2009.
From page 10...
... The committee views the ongoing arrangement for NOAA's use of NASA's ACE data as a prototypical example of the lowest level of complexity and risk whereby one agency uses a resource from another agency without the exchange of funds or the consumption/ destruction of the resource. From its halo orbit around the Sun-Earth libration point, L1, ACE provides approximately 1-hour advance warning of geomagnetic storms, which can overload power grids, disrupt civilian and military space- and ground 15 The ACE mission development was managed by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Explorer Projects Office of the Flight Projects Directorate.
From page 11...
... See National Research Council, The Sun to the Earth -- and Beyond: A Decadal Research Strategy in Solar and Space Physics, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2003, available at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php? record_id=10477; Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research, Report of the Assessment Committee for the National Space Weather Program, FCM-R24-2006, June 2006, available at http://www.ofcm.gov/r24/fcm-r24.htm.
From page 12...
... , through NOAA and its predecessor organizations, has overseen the routine operation of the operational environmental systems. The 1998 memorandums of understanding between NASA and NOAA for cooperation in the POES and GOES programs describe the multiagency process used to design and develop the operational POES and GOES systems, in which NOAA procures NASA spacecraft, instruments, and launch services to accomplish its operational objectives.17 Specifically, NOAA establishes requirements, provides all funding, and distributes the environmental 17 The 1998 memorandums of understanding for POES and GOES can be found at http://science.nasa.gov/about-us/science-strategy/ interagency-agreements/partnerships-table/.
From page 13...
... The Ocean Surface Topography Mis sion (OSTM) is a successful interagency and international collaboration to measure sea surface height by using a radar altimeter mounted on a low-Earth-orbiting satellite called Jason-2 (Figure 1.4)
From page 14...
... Cooperation Example: National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System The complex multiagency governance and acquisition arrangements for the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS -- Figure 1.5) are an example of "cooperation," whereby two or more agencies work together on a project in a way that makes each agency dependent on the other for the project's success.
From page 15...
... As a result, several sensors were canceled or descoped in capabil ity, and secondary sensors designed to provide crucial continuity to long-term climate records were not funded. 26 The president's fiscal year 2011 budget, which was released to the public on February 1, 2010, as this report was entering final preparation, terminated the NPOESS program and instead directed a return to the historical model that had the Air Force and NOAA managing separate acquisition programs for polar-orbiting satellites to serve military and civilian users.27 22 Presidential Decision Directive/NSTC-2, "Convergence of U.S.-Polar-Orbiting Operation Environmental Satellite Systems," May 5, 1994, available at http://www.ipo.noaa.gov/About/NSTC-2.html.


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