Recapturing a Future for Space Exploration Life and Physical Sciences Research for a New Era (2011) / Chapter Skim
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13 Establishing a Life and Physical Sciences Research Program: An Integrated Microgravity Research Portfolio
13 Establishing a Life and Physical Sciences Research Program: An Integrated Microgravity Research Portfolio
Pages 379-398
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From page 379... ...
This decadal survey identifies a number of research questions that need to be addressed to provide a sound basis for any future crewed space program, as well as research questions that can be addressed uniquely using the space environment. The relative urgency of resolving these questions will depend on policy decisions about the future direction of the space exploration program.
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From page 380... ...
. PRIORITIZING RESEARCH In assembling the recommended integrated portfolio of research, the committee has mapped the chapters' highest-priority recommendations against eight prioritization criteria that it believes are relevant to broadly informing policy decisions with regard to future space program options (Box 13.2)
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From page 381... ...
• rioritization Criterion 2: The extent to which the results of the research will reduce the costs of P space exploration (Potential to Enhance Mission Options or to Reduce Mission Costs) • rioritization Criterion 3: The extent to which the results of the research may lead to entirely new P options for exploration missions (Positive Impact on Exploration Efforts, Improved Access to Data or to Samples)
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From page 382... ...
Chapters 4 through 10 identify research questions important both to successful space exploration and to advances in fundamental physics and biology enabled by access to space. These two, very connected concepts -- the science enabled by exploration and the science that enables exploration -- speak strongly to the powerful role of science within the human spaceflight endeavor.
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From page 383... ...
Identifiera Recommendation Space Exploration Plant and Microbial Biology (Chapter 4) P1 Establish a microbial observatory program on the ISS to conduct long-term, EB multigenerational studies of microbial population dynamics.
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From page 384... ...
Identifiera Recommendation Space Exploration AH11 Collaborative studies among flight medicine and cardiovascular epidemiologists are EB/E recommended to determine the best screening strategies to avoid flying astronauts with subclinical coronary heart disease that could become manifest during a long-duration exploration-class mission (3 years)
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From page 385... ...
Identifiera Recommendation Space Exploration CC9 Continue ground-based cellular studies to develop end points and markers for acute and E late radiation toxicities, using radiation facilities that are able to mimic space radiation exposures. CC10 Expand understanding of gender differences in adaptation to the spaceflight environment EB/E through flight- and ground-based research, particularly potential differences in bone, muscle, and cardiovascular function and long-term radiation risks.
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From page 386... ...
AP10 Development of new and advanced materials that enable operations in harsh space E environments and reduce the cost of human space exploration. AP11 Fundamental and applied research to develop technologies that facilitate extraction, EB/E synthesis, and processing of minerals, metals, and other materials available on extraterrestrial surfaces.
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From page 387... ...
Identifiera Recommendation Space Exploration TSES9 NASA should develop a standard methodology for qualifying fire suppression systems E in relevant atmospheres and gravity levels and would benefit from strategies for safe post-fire recovery. Specific research is needed to characterize the effectiveness of fire suppression agents and systems under reduced gravity (T9)
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From page 388... ...
Ability to or to Samples, Reduce Mission Access to Data Impact Within Exploration Could Be Dual- Reduced-Gravity Translate Results to Risk Reduction Costs or to Samples Research Field Programs Use Environment Terrestrial Needs Life P2, P3, B1, B2, P3, B1, B2, B3, P3, B4, AH1, P1, P2, B3, B4, P1, P2, P3, AH1, B1, B2, B3, P1, B1, B4, B1, B2, B3, B4, Sciences B3, B4, AH1, B4, AH6, AH9, AH2, AH3, AH5, AH9, AH10, AH2, AH3, AH4, B4, AH1, AH2, AH12, AH16 AH1, AH2, AH3, AH2, AH3, AH5, AH10, AH11 AH6, AH7, AH8, AH11, AH16 AH5, AH6, AH7, AH3, AH4, AH5, AH4, AH5, AH6, AH6, AH7, AH8, AH9, AH10, AH8, AH9, AH6, AH7, AH9, AH7 AH9, AH10, AH11 AH10, AH11, AH10 AH11 AH16 Translational CCH2, CCH4, CCH2, CCH4, CCH2, CCH4, CCH2, CCH6 CCH1, CCH2, CCH1, CHH2, Life CCH7 CCH6, CCH7 CCH6, CCH7, CHH3, CCH6, CHH3, CCH7, Sciences CCH8 CCH7, CCH8 CCH11 Physical AP1, AP4, AP6, AP1, AP2, AP10, AP1, AP2, AP3, FP1, FP2, FP3, AP1, AP2, AP3, AP7, AP8, AP9, FP1, FP2, FP3, AP1, AP2, AP7, Sciences AP8, AP11 AP11 AP10, AP11 AP5, AP7, AP8, AP4, AP6, AP11 AP10 FP4, AP1, AP2, AP8, AP9 AP9 AP5, AP6, AP7, AP9 Translational TSES1, TSES2, TSES1, TSES3, TSES14 TSES2, TSES3, TSES10, TSES1, TSES2, TSES10 Physical TSES3, TSES14 TSES5, TSES10 TSES4, TSES5, TSES11, TSES12 TSES3, TSES4, Sciences TSES6, TSES7, TSES5, TSES12, TSES12, TSES13, TSES13, TSES14, TSES14, TSES TSES15, TSES16 16 NOTE: Identifiers are as listed in Table 13.1 and correspond with the recommendations listed there and also presented with clarifying discussion in Chapters 4 through 10.
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From page 389... ...
Relative Unique to NASA Programs That Value of Using Translate Results Program Samples, Risk Reduce Mission to Data or to Impact Within Exploration Could Be Dual- Reduced-Gravity to Terrestrial Elements Reduction Costs Samples Research Field Programs Use Environment Needs Plant and Microbial Biology Research High High High P1 Medium Low Low Medium Medium High High High P2 Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium High High High High P3 Low Medium Medium Medium Human Behavior and Mental Health Research High High High High High B1 Low Medium Low High High High High B2 Low Medium Low Low High High High High High B3 Medium Low Low High High High High High High High B4 Medium Animal and Human Biological Research High High High High High AH1 Medium Medium Medium High High High High High AH2 Medium Medium Medium High High High High High AH3 Medium Medium Medium High High High AH4 Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium High High High High High AH5 Medium Medium Medium High High High High High High AH6 Medium Medium High High High High High AH7 Medium Medium Medium High High High AH8 Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium High High High High High High AH9 Medium Medium High High High High High High AH10 Medium Medium High High High High High AH11 Medium Medium Medium High AH12 Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Low Medium AH13 Medium Low Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium AH14 Medium Low Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium AH15 Medium/Low Low Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium High High High AH16 Medium/Low Medium/Low Medium/Low Low Medium 389 continued
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From page 390... ...
Relative Unique to NASA Programs That Value of Using Translate Results Program Samples, Risk Reduce Mission to Data or to Impact Within Exploration Could Be Dual- Reduced-Gravity to Terrestrial Elements Reduction Costs Samples Research Field Programs Use Environment Needs Crosscutting Research for the Human System Low High High CC1 Medium Low Low Low Medium High High High High High High CC2 Low Low High High CC3 Medium Medium Medium Low Low Low High High High Medium CC4 Medium Medium Medium Medium CC5 Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium High High High High CC6 Medium Medium Low Medium High High High High High CC7 Low Low Low High High CC8 Medium Medium Low Low Low Low CC9 Medium Low Low Low Medium Low Low Low CC10 Medium Medium/Low Medium Low Medium Medium Low Medium CC11 Medium Medium/Low Medium Low Medium Medium/Low High/Medium Medium Fundamental Physical Sciences Research High High FP1 Low Low Medium Low Medium Medium High High FP2 Low Low Low Low Medium Medium High High FP3 Low Low Medium Low Medium Medium Medium High FP4 Low Low Low Low Medium Medium Applied Physical Sciences Research High High High High High High AP1 Medium Low High High High High High AP2 Medium Medium Medium High High AP3 Medium Medium Low N/A Low Low High High AP4 Medium Medium Low N/A Medium Low High High AP5 Low Low Medium Low Medium Medium High High High AP6 Medium Low Low Low Medium High High High High AP7 Medium N/A N/A Medium High High High High AP8 Medium Low Medium N/A High High High High AP9 N/A N/A Low Low High High High AP10 Low Medium Medium Low Medium High High High High AP11 Low N/A Medium N/A
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From page 391... ...
Translation to Space Exploration Systems Research High High High TSES1 Low Low Medium Medium Low High High High TSES2 High Medium Low Medium Medium High High High High High TSES3 Low Medium Medium High High High TSES4 Medium Medium Low Low Low High High TSES5 Medium Medium Low Low Medium Low High TSES6 Medium Medium Medium Low Low Medium Low High High TSES7 Medium Medium Low Medium Medium Medium High TSES8 Low Low Low Low Medium Medium Medium High TSES9 Low Low Low Low Medium Medium Medium High High TSES10 Medium Low Low Medium Medium Medium High TSES11 Medium Medium Low Low Medium Low Medium High High High TSES12 Medium Medium Low Low Medium High High TSES13 Medium Medium Low Low Medium Medium High High High High TSES14 Medium Medium Medium Medium High TSES15 Medium Medium Low Low Medium Low Low High High TSES16 Medium Medium Low Low Low Low aIdentifiers are listed in Table 13.1 and correspond with the recommendations listed there and also presented the ends of Chapters 4 through 10, which provide context and clarifying discussion.
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From page 392... ...
Lunar or martian bases would also be useful for conducting planetary research described in other studies,1,2 such as fundamental seismographic studies, yielding insight into planets' interiors and their geological history, as well as allowing studies of their regolith compositions, magnetic fields, and atmospheric phenomena (in the case of Mars) that are relevant to human exploration.
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From page 393... ...
A lunar outpost established as a key national scientific resource could prove to be an important research plat form for ongoing studies in partial gravity, providing, among other benefits, sustainable research laboratories for biological research on model systems addressing key scientific areas related to microgravity. HIGHEST-PRIORITY RESEARCH AREAS AND OBJECTIVES Table 13.1 summarizes, by discipline, the research elements selected by the panels, in close coordination with the committee, as having the highest priority, and which this survey recommends for inclusion in NASA's new portfolio of biological and physical sciences research.
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From page 394... ...
management. Physical sciences research includes studies of advanced insulation materials, active cooling, Relevant research recommendations multiphase flows, and capillary effectiveness (T2)
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From page 395... ...
In this case, Prioritization Criteria 4, 5, and 8 will have primary importance, and Prioritization Criteria 6 and 7 may also be of importance in building the integrated research portfolio that best supports this policy goal. Criterion 4. The extent to which the results of the research will fully or partially answer grand science challenges that the space Establish a "microbial environment provides a unique means to address (Relative observatory" program on the ISS Impact Within Research Field)
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From page 396... ...
The committee chose this tabular presentation to avoid redundancy and to provide a ready means for NASA to identify specific components of an integrated research portfolio judged most likely to contribute to capability and flexibility for achieving space exploration program goals, as represented by the eight prioritization criteria shown. Thus, for example, in considering a martian exploration mission (see Box 13.3)
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From page 397... ...
Impediments to revitalizing the U.S. space exploration agenda include costs, past inability to accurately pre dict costs and schedule, and uncertainties about mission and crew risk.
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