Recapturing a Future for Space Exploration Life and Physical Sciences Research for a New Era (2011) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix B: Glossary and Selected Acronyms
Appendix B: Glossary and Selected Acronyms
Pages 403-420
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From page 403... ...
amyloplast plant organelle that contains starch; because of its high density it moves within the cell in response to the direction of gravity ANP atrial natriuretic peptide applied physical the study of physical sciences with particular applications in mind; in this report, the sciences applied physical sciences of particular interest are fluid physics, combustion, and materials science ARED advanced resistive exercise device ATV Automated Transfer Vehicle 403
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and insects in orbit for up to 3 weeks bioregenerative life life support system based on biological components designed to regenerate air and water support and produce food to sustain crew members on extended missions bisphosphonate a pharmaceutical drug to prevent bone loss BMD bone mineral density BNL Brookhaven National Laboratory boiling curve plot of heat flux versus the difference between (a) the temperature of the wall where heat is being added to a boiling liquid and (b)
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, and the accuracy of these two-fluid models is limited by the accuracy of the closure models upon which they rely CMFD computational multiphase fluid dynamics: a numerical approach using high-speed computers for evaluating the conservation equations that describe multiphase flows CNES Centre National d'Études Spatiales, the French government space agency colloid any gas, solid, or liquid in a fine state of subdivision, with particles too small to be seen in an ordinary microscope, that is dispersed in a continuous gaseous, liquid, or solid medium and either does not settle or settles very slowly combustion a technique for synthesizing materials that uses highly exothermic, self-sustaining synthesis reactions complex fluids fluids that are homogeneous at macroscopic scales but have a complex structure at microscopic scales; common examples include colloidal suspensions of solid particles in liquid (e.g., paint or ink) ; emulsions of two immiscible liquids such as oil and water (e.g., milk or mayonnaise)
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Department of Defense DOE U.S. Department of Energy DOF degrees of freedom down mass capacity to transfer payload from a location in space, such as low Earth orbit, to Earth
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ESA European Space Agency ETDP Exploration Technology Development Program ethylene a lightweight hydrocarbon, C2H4; ethylene is used by plants as a growth signal eukaryote a cell in which the genetic information is enclosed in a membrane-bounded structure called the nucleus; eukaryotes generally contain many other membrane-bounded regions of specialized function, called organelles EVA extravehicular activity, for example space walks performed by astronauts outside of the ISS excursion see flow excursion EXPRESS expedite the processing of experiments to space station; a standardized rack configuration used on the ISS
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From page 408... ...
is externally imposed, for example, by a blower or pump; see also buoyant convection free-flyer a satellite that can be used for automated microgravity research in both biological and physical sciences, such as growing bacteria in space or exposing materials to the space environment, among many other uses; mission durations, satellite bus and payload sizes, and mission purposes vary widely; free-flyers can operate either with or without human interaction and may or may not return samples or data back to Earth autonomously; some free-flyers will only transmit data back to Earth and are not designed for re-entry FSB Fundamental Space Biology (NASA program) FSL Fluid Science Laboratory (on the ISS)
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From page 409... ...
Gy gray: the SI unit of absorbed dose of ionizing radiation halon any of a group of compounds used as fire suppression agents; they are created by replacing the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon with halogen atoms, such as bromine or fluorine; for example, Halon 1301, used on the space shuttle, is bromotrifluoromethane: CF3Br heat exchanger device that facilitates the transfer of heat from a hot source to a cold sink heat pipe a container of two-phase fluid used to transfer heat efficiently heat sink a reservoir to absorb thermal energy HEDS abbreviated name of the NRC report titled Microgravity Research in Support of Technologies for the Human Exploration and Development of Space and Planetary Bodies (2000) heliopause the theoretical boundary of the solar system where the Sun's solar wind is stopped by the interstellar medium; the heliopause is at a distance of about 140 AU from the Sun Henry Gauer reflex a head-ward movement of fluid occurring during spaceflight hot pressing a process in which the particles of a powder are welded together by the simultaneous application of pressure and heat; hot pressing is also known as pressure sintering (see also sintering and liquid-phase sintering)
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ISRU in situ resource utilization; the proposed use of resources found or manufactured on the Moon, Mars, or other planetary bodies to further the goals of a space mission ISS International Space Station IVGEN Intravenous Fluid Generation for Exploration (project) JAXA Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Josephson effect a phenomenon of electric current across two weakly coupled superconductors separated by a very thin insulating barrier (a Josephson junction)
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LED light-emitting diode LEO low Earth orbit; approximately 100 to 1,200 miles above Earth's surface LET linear energy transfer; the amount of energy deposited per unit distance that a charged particle travels; high-LET radiation includes the heavier-than-protons charged-particle radiation found in galactic cosmic rays; the biological concerns are that such radiation is more damaging than is low-LET radiation such as the x-rays, gamma rays, or protons used in clinical/medical applications lignification the production of the polymer lignin in plant cell walls; leads to extremely strong support tissues within the plant liquid-phase a sintering process that occurs in the presence of a liquid that coexists with the powder sintering being sintered at the sintering temperature; the liquid phase increases the bonding rate because the capillary forces associated with the presence of the liquid are equivalent to very large external pressures (see also sintering and hot pressing) lodging the bending over of plant stems in response to extreme weather such as wind and rain; in cereal crops, lodging can lead to poor grain formation and problems with harvesting; lodged plants can often right themselves through the gravitropic response of their stems Lorentz symmetry a symmetry of physics under rotations and boosts low-shear modeled a fluid-based microbial culture environment using a rotating vessel, for which the very microgravity low shear forces generated have been shown to mimic some of the effects of microgravity LPE Lambda Point Experiment LRO Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter LSS life support system LTMPF Low-Temperature Microgravity Physics Facility; a multiflight facility designed to attach to the Japanese Experiment Module/Exposed Facility of the ISS LVEDV left ventricular end diastolic volume MARES Muscle Atrophy Research and Exercise System (on the ISS)
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MSL Materials Science Laboratory (on the ISS) MSL-1 Microgravity Science Lab (space shuttle mission)
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and then rise to the surface, as opposed to film boiling, which occurs when the bubbles of gas are formed so rapidly that they combine to form a gas film that covers the heat transfer surface open porosity a measure of the void spaces in a material (e.g., as a percentage of the total volume of a material) that considers only those void spaces that are connected to the external surface of the material; total porosity is the sum of open and closed porosities order parameter a parameter of a system that is zero in the disordered phase, exhibits large fluctuations about its zero mean as the critical point is approached, and grows from zero to larger values as the ordered phase is entered organelle a membrane-bounded structure that is found within a cell and is a site of specialized function orthostatic inability to maintain normal blood pressure while standing intolerance osmotic force the driving force of water movement across the membrane of a cell
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and the appropriate physical mechanisms (e.g., heat transfer, capillary flow) , as opposed to an empirical model, which is based primarily on experimental measurements and incorporates only a limited theoretical understanding of the system pile flow a flow of granular material along the inclined surface of a stationary pile corresponds to energies of ~1019 GeV Planck scale PLSS portable life support system pO2 (or PO2)
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415 APPENDIX B quantum gas a system of particles in which the size of an individual particle's quantum wavelength becomes large compared to the length scale of interactions between the particles in the system quantum phase transition from a continuous quantum fluid to a discrete atomic lattice, such as the transition "superfluid-to-Mott" insulator transition quorum sensing the coordination of responses from bacterial populations through the exchange of small signaling molecules; quorum sensing allows bacteria to respond to their own population levels R&D research and development radiation anything propagated as rays, waves, or a stream of particles, but especially light and other electromagnetic waves or the emission from radioactive substances radioisotope a radioactive isotope of an element Rankine cycle a thermodynamic cycle for power generation that uses separate boilers and condensers with two-phase (liquid/vapor) mixtures with high conversion efficiencies and high heat rejection temperatures, allowing reduced radiator mass and areas RANKL an orthoclase-stimulating peptide that induces bone loss RE resistance exercise reaction wood strengthening tissue that forms upon mechanical stress of woody plants, such as occurs from wind, snow build up, or the weight of the plant reactive hot a hot pressing process in which powders are mixed and an exothermic chemical reaction pressing occurs reactive oxygen highly reactive molecules derived from oxygen, such as superoxide or hydrogen species peroxide; reactive oxygen species are produced during normal metabolism, but they can be deleterious to the cell; they are also widely used as signaling molecules that regulate organism function reduced gravity gravity levels less than 1 g REM rapid eye movement residence time the length of time that combustion gases are in the combuster; it is larger for larger combusters and shorter for systems with higher gas velocities resorption the process of losing bone material RFC regenerative fuel cell regolith surface rock, especially used to describe the lunar surface soil rheology the science of the deformation and flow of liquids and solids rpm revolutions per minute RPS radioisotope power system RVLM rostral ventrolateral medulla; a brain region
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SLS Space Life Sciences (as referred to in STS space shuttle science missions, e.g., SLS-1) solar particle event flux of energetic ions and/or electrons of solar origin sounding rocket uncrewed rocket used for short, non-orbital flights; the most common uses are to study Earth's atmosphere and to conduct microgravity research Spacelab Spacelab was a reusable laboratory module flown in the space shuttle's cargo bay and used for microgravity experiments that were operated and/or monitored by astronauts.
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T4 thyroxine tensegrity a structure in which compression and tension forces are balanced throughout a network; in a cell, tensegrity is thought to reside in the rigid and flexible components of the cytoskeleton that are connected together and so can rapidly transmit mechanical forces throughout this network thermal wadi an engineered source of stored solar energy using modified lunar regolith as a thermal storage mass thermophotovoltaic the selective emission and conversion to electrical energy of thermally produced photons thermophysical related to physical properties that are affected by temperature TKSC [JAXA] Tsukuba Space Center; located in Tsukuba, Japan TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-alpha; a cytokine that induces inflammatory responses transcriptional the use of approaches such as microarray analysis to catalog the expression/activity of a profiling wide range of genes in an organism
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; all practical combustion systems with liquid or gas fuels use turbulent flow to provide adequate mixing of fuel and air twisted ribbons twisted metal strips placed in the water-filled tubes of a boiler to increase the boiling rate by providing additional nucleation sites for the formation of gas bubbles unitized RFC a regenerative fuel cell with a particular packing geometry up-mass capacity to transfer payload from Earth to a location in space, such as low Earth orbit USOC user support and operation center (ESA centers) UV ultraviolet, a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum Van der Waals a group of relatively weak and temporary intermolecular interactions that generally result forces when a molecule or group of molecules become polarized into a magnetic dipole, most often because of uneven or shifting distributions within the electron clouds of the atoms vasculature (plant)
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419 APPENDIX B ZARM Zentrum für angewandte Raumfahrttechnologie und Mikrogravitation in Bremen, Germany zero gravity an environment in which the net vector of all gravitational and accelerative forces acting on a body is essentially zero; see microgravity
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