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7 Dietary Intake Assessment
Pages 457-478

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From page 457... ... When information is available, consideration of biochemical and clinical measures of nutriture is a useful adjunct to the intake assessment and can provide important information about the adequacy of intake as well as excess intake. In the case of the United States and Canada, data from national government surveys form the basis for the intake assessment. Read the entire page →
From page 458... ... United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Information about the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Read the entire page →
From page 459... ... Intake Estimates for Calcium and Vitamin D The USDA has produced the Vitamin D Addendum to the USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies 3.0,5 and in turn WWEIA reported the vitamin D intake from foods as well as calcium intake from foods.6 The expanded analysis carried out by NCI has allowed the incorporation of estimates of intake from dietary supplements collected as part of the NHANES but not included in the WWEIA reports, thereby providing an estimate of total calcium and vitamin D intake. Calcium intake data were available for the entire period 2003 to 2006 for the United States. Read the entire page →
From page 460... ... Given that there is considerable interest in estimates of total calcium intake and total vitamin D intake from all sources (i.e., foods and supplements) , and data on total intake provide the best basis for DRI assessments, the committee relied on the expanded analysis of the NHANES data conducted by NCI and reported by Bailey et al. Read the entire page →
From page 461... ... Survey methodologies are described 10 These measures reflect plasma 25OHD concentrations in the case of the Canadian survey data, but for the purposes of this report they are described as serum 25OHD concentrations. 11Available online at http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/surveill/index-eng.php (accessed July 23, 2010) Read the entire page →
From page 462... ... reserves or Crown land, as well as residents of institutions are excluded. Descriptions of sampling, data sources, error detection, quality evaluation, and laboratory methods can be found online.14 The currently available data are from the 2007 to 2009 time period and can be accessed online.15 Approach Used An earlier IOM committee addressed applications of the DRIs in dietary assessment and described statistical approaches to estimating the prevalence of inadequate intakes, specifically the probability approach and a shortcut to the probability approach called the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) Read the entire page →
From page 463... ... For adults, the prevalence of inadequacy from food sources alone is high. As shown in Figure 7-2, the addition of information about calcium intake from supplements to the data set, thereby allowing an estimate of total intake, appears to impact primarily women over 50 years of age. Read the entire page →
From page 464... ... . Total calcium intakes at the 95th percentile are below the UL of 2,000 mg of calcium per day for most of the adult life stage groups, implying that less than 5 percent are at risk of excessive intake. Read the entire page →
From page 465... ... Canadian Calcium Intake Estimates of calcium intake from foods for Canadians appear to be similar to those reported for the United States, although the median intake drops at a younger age for men, at the 31- to 50-year life stage as compared to the 51- to 70-year life stage in the United States (Figure 7-3) Read the entire page →
From page 466... ... However, discretionary fortification with calcium is widespread in the United States and can encompass breakfast cereals, breads, and an array of beverages. At the time of this study, only intake data for foods were available for Canadians; estimates of total calcium intake (i.e., foods plus supplements) Read the entire page →
From page 467... ... SOURCE: Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) , Cycle 2.2, Nutrition 2004. Read the entire page →
From page 468... ... When intake from supplements is considered to provide total intakes (Figure 7-5) , all life stage groups for both male and female Americans show a slight increase in values. Read the entire page →
From page 469... ... 4,000 IU (100 µg) NOTE: AI = Adequate Intake; EAR = Estimated Average Requirement; IU = International Units; RDA = Recommended Dietary Allowance; UL = Tolerable Upper Intake Level. Read the entire page →
From page 470... ... than those from the 2003 to 2006 data set because intake estimates for total vitamin D (i.e., the NCI method) are currently available only for the 2005 to 2006 data. Read the entire page →
From page 471... ... There is an additional factor to consider in this comparison, in that the NHANES data are generally collected during the summer months in the northern regions of the United States and in the winter months in the southern regions; this introduces the variable of sun exposure into the comparison in that it decreases the likelihood that individuals surveyed will be experiencing low levels of sun exposure. As an informal conceptual check, it is health as manifested by, depending upon age, rates of bone accretion, bone mineral density, and fractures. Read the entire page →
From page 472... ... bData are mean ± SE for total intake: foods and dietary supplements. cData are mean ± SE. Read the entire page →
From page 473... ... Although serum 25OHD levels from the 2005 to 2006 period in the United States are the data used for Table 7-3 because total intake data are available only for 2005 to 2006, serum 25OHD levels are available for the 2003 to 2006 data set, the two most current surveys, which, when combined, provide a larger data set. For comparison, these are shown in Table 7-4 and appear to reflect values very similar to those reported for 2005 to 2006 alone. Read the entire page →
From page 474... ... is unclear. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA: NATIONAL SURVEY DATA FOR CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D All total intake estimates are subject to uncertainties owing to a variety of factors that affect estimates of food intake, ranging from the depth and nature of the probing carried out to obtain the information on food consumption to the ability of persons to accurately recall and estimate their food intake. Read the entire page →
From page 475... ... SOURCE: Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) , Cycle 2.2, Nutrition 2004. Read the entire page →
From page 476... ... , Cycle 1, 2007–2009. vitamin D from food sources are somewhat more than those in the United States. Read the entire page →
From page 477... ... On the other hand, available data from the United States on the total intake of calcium when dietary supplements are considered, suggests that older women on average, at least in the United States, have added to their calcium intakes through supplement use. For girls, the increase in intake that might be attributable to supplement use is small. Read the entire page →
From page 478... ... survey, then they would then be quite similar to those for the United States, leaving open the question of whether the latitude difference between the two countries has a meaningful impact on serum 25OHD levels. REFERENCES Bailey, R Read the entire page →

From page 457...

... When information is available, consideration of biochemical and clinical measures of nutriture is a useful adjunct to the intake assessment and can provide important information about the adequacy of intake as well as excess intake. In the case of the United States and Canada, data from national government surveys form the basis for the intake assessment.

7 Dietary Intake Assessment Pages 457-478

7 Dietary Intake Assessment
Pages 457-478