Critical Infrastructure for Ocean Research and Societal Needs in 2030 (2011) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2 Major Research Questions in 2030
2 Major Research Questions in 2030
Pages 11-24
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From page 11... ...
From these documents, and from information increasing fundamental scientific understanding. These gathering sessions with experts in ocean science and policy, the committee identified 32 compelling science questions drivers are similar to critical themes identified in Charting that are anticipated to be at the forefront of ocean science the Course of Ocean Science in the United States for the Next in 2030, ranging from broad global challenges that require Decade: An Ocean Research Priorities Plan and Implemenboth interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary research to re- tation Strategy (listed in Chapter 1)
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From page 12... ...
. Although they do not have significant continue to change in response to natural, interannual modes populations in numbers, they are presently subjected to rapid of climate variability such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillaenvironmental changes (e.g., warming, sea ice reduction, tion (ENSO)
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From page 13... ...
The combination of large-scale biogeographical shifts, How Will Marine Ecosystem Structure, Biodiversity, and changes in local community structure caused by ocean warmPopulation Dynamics Be Shaped by a Changing Ocean ing and acidification, and impacts from invasive species will Environment? have far-reaching consequences for marine biodiversity, Interactions between climatic forcing and anthropogenic ecosystem structure, and population dynamics.
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From page 14... ...
How tion; the DOC fields and export in a more stratified ocean ever, it has also been suggested that, with the exception of will be considerably different than what is observed today. calcification, other major biogeochemical cycles will not be Much of the DOC in the ocean has resisted qualitative and affected by ocean acidification (Joint et al., 2011)
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From page 15... ...
Cloud-climate tering streams and rivers, eventually reaching estuarine and feedbacks, which will remain a major research challenge, coastal waters and causing eutrophication, which can result are an important element of understanding changes to the in harmful algal blooms and episodes of hypoxia (Anderson global water cycle. Freshening of the high-latitude ocean et al., 2002)
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From page 16... ...
The biological and physical Ocean, warming the surface waters and creating a positive processes that determine the ultimate fate of dispersed oil, feedback cycle that causes even more sea ice to melt and and its potential toxicity to the marine environment, are thus amplifying warming trends. Along the West Antarctic poorly understood (National Commission on the BP DeepPeninsula, midwinter surface atmospheric temperatures have water Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, 2011)
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From page 17... ...
being discussed focus on storing CO2 in the ocean, either or growing concerns related to climate change and variability by (1) pumping liquid CO2 into the deep ocean or into the (e.g., sea level rise and ocean acidification)
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From page 18... ...
that release ing systems, and educating this population about high-risk, hazardous chunks of ice into the Southern and Arctic oceans. low-probability events like tsunamis will remain a challenge Declining sea ice cover, as noted in the Arctic (NOAA Arctic (NRC, 2011b)
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From page 19... ...
There is a growing need to identify the tion with a general decrease in sea ice extent (Stroeve et al., source, transport, fate, and impact of chemicals in common 2007) has resulted in shorter seasons for subsistence hunters use by industry, agriculture, and households that are eventu - to find bears, walruses, and seals, which are staples of many ally discharged into coastal waters.
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From page 20... ...
Equally important is the energy. These include installations of wind farms in coastal goal of maintaining ocean biodiversity, which may be dif - environments, development of marine hydrokinetic power ficult to achieve while also maximizing fisheries (Brander, (from waves, tides, ocean currents, and ocean thermal gradi2010)
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From page 21... ...
There is also a compelling need for human ago to about 1900, sea level changed very little (Lambeck exploration, both to understand how Earth functions and to et al., 2004) , but anthropogenic increases of greenhouse unravel the many remaining mysteries on the nature of physi- gas concentrations are now causing sea level rise.
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From page 22... ...
In polar regions, sea ice ocean, profoundly alters the composition of basement rock, acts as a porous layer between the ocean and atmosphere, as and supports a potentially vast subseafloor biosphere (Fisher, well as a source of gas fluxes, even in winter. The surface 2005; Fisher and Wheat, 2010)
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From page 23... ...
Comprehensive undertional diversity of the deep ocean biosphere, conditions under standing of deep-sea biodiversity has eluded oceanographers which organisms can live and thrive, and their contributions because of the fragility, rarity, small size, and/or systematic to oceanic carbon and other biogeochemical cycles are just complexity of many taxa, as well as the difficulty in sampling beginning to be explored. the more mobile larger invertebrates and fish (Sutton et al., 2008, 2010)
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From page 24... ...
. The current human population these sensory mediated processes are central to evolutionary is living beyond sustainable means provided by renewable life histories, population dynamics, and community ecology, and replenishable natural capital and is sustainable only by a more complete understanding will be central to predicting use of nonrenewable resources (Daily and Ehrlich, 1992)
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