Critical Infrastructure for Ocean Research and Societal Needs in 2030 (2011) / Chapter Skim
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3 Ocean Infrastructure for 2030: Categories and Trends
3 Ocean Infrastructure for 2030: Categories and Trends
Pages 25-40
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From page 25... ...
Many current ocean infrastructure Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) academic assets began in this manner and were nurtured to maturity research fleet (a 13 percent decline from 2000-2008; NRC, over a period of years by astute sponsors.
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From page 26... ...
Increasingly multidisciplinary and interdisciplinin funded ship days for the academic research fleet does not ary research requires vessels with support for a wide diverreflect a corresponding lack of science demand, but is rather sity of platforms and instruments, and increasing ship costs affected by agency budgets and investigator's proposal suc- motivate greater use of autonomous assets. To meet these cess rates (NRC, 2009b)
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From page 27... ...
Nuclear submarines Oceanographic Goals with a Robust Academic Research provide a unique under-ice capability; from 1993 to 2005, F leet : " Federal agencies supporting oceanographic the U.S. Navy made these available to civilian ocean science research should implement one comprehensive, longresearchers through the Scientific Ice Expeditions program term research fleet renewal plan to retain access to the (SCICEX Science Advisory Committee, 2010)
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From page 28... ...
To eliminate the time the surface current, floats with adjustable buoyancy that required to deploy and calibrate long-baseline transponder profile the water column from surface to depth, underwater arrays, there have been trends toward using a combination gliders that fly horizontally with up-down profiling, and of GPS navigation and ultra-short baseline acoustic tracking self-propelled AUVs. This category of platforms has seen a on the ship to determine the position of underwater vehicles remarkable increase in capabilities, numbers, and use over and DVL (Doppler Velocity Log)
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From page 29... ...
capabilities. This will be enabled by modular platforms that Future trends include an increase in numbers of floats; variety of observations; enhanced two-way satellite comcan easily accommodate rapidly evolving sensors.
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From page 30... ...
moorings will remain a key element of ocean observing Environmental energy (sun, wind, wave, thermal, chem infrastructure by providing high-frequency fixed location ical) offers a promising route to power the growing inventory data to supplement spatial data collected by mobile samof autonomous platforms used for oceanographic research.
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From page 31... ...
In association with cabled observatories, some CORKs can and will be able to utilize high power and bandwidth for Seafloor Cables real-time monitoring of basement conditions. With increased The need for sustained, long-term scientific observations power capabilities, borehole sensors could expand to include and data collection in the coastal and deep ocean (NRC, mass spectrometers and in situ microbial analyzers for co2003a)
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From page 32... ...
Acoustic Doppler velocimeters, research infrastructure assets in the future. However, which sample three-dimensional velocity in one location at key infrastructure components are reliant on technolo- high frequencies, are now enabling measurements of turbu gies outside of the ocean science community, particularly lent energy and can provide an estimate of turbulent fluxes satellite communication and GPS.
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From page 33... ...
As size, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrate sensors demonstrate that power requirements, and costs drop, advanced chemical chemical sensors are at a level similar to physical oceano sensors are likely to expand greatly. Oxygen sensors have graphic sensors in the early 1990s; undoubtedly, there will been deployed on hundreds of profiling floats (Gruber et al., be a significant increase in their use aboard autonomous platforms by 2030.
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From page 34... ...
These improvements are mostly dependent on isms per day (Olson and Sosik, 2007; Sosik and Olson, innovation from outside the ocean science field. The ocean 2007)
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From page 35... ...
Physical parameters available from space-based sensors provide information on ocean temperature, wind speed and direction, sea surface height and topography, and sea ice Geological Samplers distribution and thickness. Biogeochemical parameters are Over the past 20 years, scientific ocean drilling through derived from ocean color radiometers (e.g., pigment concenODP and IODP has played a vital role in sampling oce- tration, phytoplankton functional groups, size distribution, anic sediments and crust, and measuring physical proper- particle concentration, colored dissolved organic material)
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From page 36... ...
Furtherity are declining; vector wind, all-weather SST, altimetry, more, increased industrial ocean activities could provide new and ocean color measurements are at risk. Plans for new platforms for placing sensors and for greater, more persistent satellite capabilities and for continuity of certain sensor coverage of the ocean surface.
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From page 37... ...
For the oceanographic the sciences, including the data-rich ocean sciences of 2030. community, this suggests a future need for broadly ac- The evolution of data management in the ocean sciences cessible centers with exascale or petascale capability, needs to include a framework for a common lexicon across where teams of experts can be colocated with cutting-edge disciplines and applications, creation of distributed virtual computational and modeling resources, healthy competition centers for data deposit, broad accessibility for users from of ideas and methods can be fostered, and data products with scientists to policy makers, and user-friendly archiving and basic and applied uses can be produced.
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From page 38... ...
ENABLING ORGANIZATIONS Finally, the past decade has seen an increase in basic and applied research investments funded by nonprofit founSponsors dations, as well as increased partnerships between different A long-standing strength of the U.S. ocean sciences is ocean science sectors (e.g., academic, industry)
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From page 39... ...
Enabling organizations that facilitate the develop - train future oceanographers, other organizations could be ment and adoption of effective and reliable sensors and established to focus on the specific technical skills needed platforms for ocean science will continue to be needed in for future ocean research workforces, including early career the future. These types of organizations (e.g., the Alliance experiences like internships.
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From page 40... ...
40 CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE FOR OCEAN RESEARCH AND SOCIETAL NEEDS IN 2030 needs, including analytical methods, data management and programs; certificate programs could bridge this gap and archiving, and equipment maintenance and repair. None of provide useful standards for both the technical and research these are currently covered in traditional university degree workforce in academic and private sectors.
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