National Earthquake Resilience Research, Implementation, and Outreach (2011) / Chapter Skim
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2 What Is National Earthquake Resilience?
2 What Is National Earthquake Resilience?
Pages 27-50
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From page 27... ...
DEFINING NATIONAL EARTHQUAKE RESILIENCE Dozens of definitions of "resilience" can now be found in the literature, reflecting a range of perspectives and a lack of consensus on the meaning of the term. In the context of hazards and disasters, three defini tions of resilience that are often cited are: The capability of an asset, system, or network to maintain its function or recover from a terrorist attack or any other incident (DHS, 2006)
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From page 28... ...
to mitigate risk and contain the effects of disasters, and carry out recovery activities in ways that minimize social disruption while also minimizing the effects of future disasters. Disaster Resilience may be characterized by reduced likelihood of damage to and failure of critical infrastructure, systems, and components; reduced injuries, lives lost, damage, and negative eco nomic and social impacts; and reduced time required to restore a specific system or set of systems to normal or pre-disaster levels of functionality (MCEER, 2008)
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From page 29... ...
Metrics of disaster resilience differ from the familiar metrics of disaster risk in several ways. Standard risk measures include expected casualties, property damage, and business interruption loss -- that is, estimates of
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From page 30... ...
• $300 billion in direct economic losses, including buildings, trans portation, and utility lifelines, but excluding business interruption costs. Moreover, infrastructure damage would have a major impact on inter state transport crossing the Central United States.
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From page 31... ...
the nearly 86,000 total casualties, including 3,500 fatalities, and bottom) the more than 713,000 buildings damaged, in the eight-state study region from a magnitude-7.7 scenario earthquake at 2:00 am on the New Madrid faults.
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From page 32... ...
First, resilience includes performance in the post-disaster (response and recovery) timeframes, including aspects such as business interruption and the time required to recover, while risk typically focuses on immedi ate property damage.
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From page 33... ...
The SPUR (San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association–Resilient City Initiative) approach (SPUR, 2009)
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From page 34... ...
34 NATIONAL EARTHQUAKE RESILIENCE FIGURE 2.3 Resilience goals in San Francisco described in the policy paper adopted by the Board of the San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Associa tion (SPUR, 2009)
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From page 35... ...
These examples illustrate the range of approaches that have been applied to assess the disaster resilience of communities. As noted earlier, no one resilience indicator can suit all purposes, and different measurement approaches may be appropriate in different contexts for assessing current levels of disaster resilience and incremental progress in developing resilience.
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From page 36... ...
It is noteworthy that during the 9/11 attacks, New York City's response was hampered by the need to set up a new Emergency Operations Center, the existing one having been located in the World Trade Center. • Critical infrastructure services continue to be provided in the aftermath of a disaster.
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From page 37... ...
Initial activities involved gathering subsurface soil property information by the Indiana Geological Survey and Ball State University. The geologic, geotechnical, and shear wave velocity data provided the basis for risk analysis for the IDFBS and Vanderburgh County Building Commission and emergency management response planning.
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From page 38... ...
12. Develop a Disaster Recovery Business Alliance to formulate and implement a business mitigation strategy.
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From page 39... ...
In the fall of 1997, a movement to develop an alliance of area businesses was begun by the executive director of the Metropolitan Evansville Chamber of Com merce and other regional business executives. The Southwest Indiana Disaster Recovery Business Alliance (DRBA)
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From page 40... ...
However, it focuses almost entirely on pre-event miti gation, and only three of its major tenets refer to post-disaster recovery and reconstruction. The emphasis in theory and practice since the time of the development of the Evansville plan has been much more focused on post-disaster resilience as defined in this report -- an emphasis on maintaining function of the economy and broader society, as well as hastening recovery.
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From page 41... ...
Their efforts resulted in four major policy papers, summarized in "The Resilient City," a policy paper adopted by the Board of the San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association in 2008 (SPUR, 2009)
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From page 42... ...
It chose a scenario earth quake that was also being used by another seismic study under way in the city, with the expected earthquake being a magnitude-7.2 earthquake on the Peninsula segment of the San Andreas Fault. It also established a series of transparent performance measures, based upon usability, for both buildings and infrastructure after the expected event.
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From page 43... ...
Currently, it is more likely to take up to 36 months before 95% of San Francisco's residents would be able to re-inhabit their homes after an expected earthquake. Other Examples of Resilience The Evansville and San Francisco examples described above both represent concerted public programs to improve earthquake resilience.
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From page 44... ...
When markets are working effectively, these price signals need to be considered in making decisions regarding the allocation of resources. When markets are not working effectively, as when market institutions are destroyed or prone to various types of market failure (including price gouging due to asymmetric information or market power)
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From page 45... ...
However, property damage from earthquakes and most other natural disasters takes place at a given point or short period in time. It is, rather, the flow of goods and services from the property (capital assets)
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From page 46... ...
Resilience and Post-Earthquake Recovery The Evansville and SPUR examples described above focused on aspects of the built environment and on advance planning for recovery, but they do not illustrate actions that can be taken after the event to promote resilience in terms of maintaining function of the broad set of societal attributes and hastening recovery. Table 2.1 provides examples of resilient actions at various stages of recovery and reconstruction in relation to a broader set of societal attributes and indicators.
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From page 47... ...
TABLE 2.1 Resilience Applications to Social, Ecological, Physical, and Economic Recovery by Time Period Emergency Environmental/ Timescale Response Health & Safety Utilities Buildings Ecological Economic Immediate Tactical Deal with Use of emergency Remove debris Limit further Maintain supply of < 72 hours emergency casualties/ backup systems ecological critical goods and response Reunite families damage services Emergency Strategic Provide mass Begin service Provide shelter Remove debris Prioritize use 3-7 days emergency care restoration for homeless of resources/ response substitute inputs/ conserve Very short Selective Fight infectious Continue Provide shelter Protect sensitive Shore up or over7-30 days response outbreaks restoration for homeless ecosystems ride markets Short Assist in Deal with post- Complete service Provide Deal with Cope with small 1-6 months recovery traumatic stress restoration temporary ensuing problems business strain housing and business sites Medium Reassess Deal with post- Reassess Provide Initiate Cope with large 6 months– for future traumatic stress for future temporary remediation business strain/ 1 year emergencies emergencies housing and recapture lost business sites production Long N/A Reassess Mitigation for Rebuild and Mitigate for Cope with business >1 year for future future events mitigate future events failures/mitigation emergencies 47
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From page 48... ...
Static resilience refers to the ability of an entity or system to maintain function when shocked and relates to how to efficiently allocate the resources remaining after the disaster. Dynamic resilience refers to the speed at which an entity or system recovers from a shock and is a relatively more complex problem because it involves a long-term investment associated with repair and reconstruction.
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From page 49... ...
Inherent resilience refers to the ordinary ability already in place to deal with crises. Adaptive resilience refers to ability in crisis situations to maintain function on the basis of ingenuity or extra effort.
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