Hunger and Obesity Understanding a Food Insecurity Paradigm: Workshop Summary (2011) / Chapter Skim
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9 Putting the Levels Together
9 Putting the Levels Together
Pages 125-134
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From page 125... ...
• Models that incorporate these factors, though inevitably lim ited, can inform interventions to reduce obesity. • Conditional cash transfer programs could be used to address food insecurity and obesity, but only after careful consideration of issues associated with their design and implementation.
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From page 126... ...
If a low-income family cannot predict its income levels, it may experience more distress than in adjusting to a routinely low income. Variations in how much parents can purchase for their children could have a variety of deleterious effects, from disruptions of predictable food cycles to reductions in academic achievement.
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From page 127... ...
In addition, biological factors, including genetic influences, interact with environmental factors, producing outcomes for the developing person. The standard Bronfenbrenner model can be represented by an individual in the middle of concentric circles symbolizing the increasing levels of the environment surrounding that individual.
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From page 128... ...
Key measurements that are needed to inform such models are physiological as well as behavioral health indicators, contextual features of households and neighborhoods, and policy variables. Geopolitical Community Family Parent School Peers Biology Psychology Neurophysiology Intelligence Neuroendocrinology Mental Health Proteomics Social Competence Epigenomics Communication Proteomics FIGURE 9-1 The biopsychosocial ecological model depicts the individual at the fig 9-1.eps center of concentric circles of broader influences.
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From page 129... ...
New York City is testing a version of a conditional cash transfer program called Opportunity New York City/Family Rewards. Developed by MDRC and sponsored by the New York City Center for Economic Opportunity, the intervention is layered on top of the existing social safety net.
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From page 130... ...
The program has produced greater use of healthcare services, particularly dental care, and it has produced small benefits for the academic achievement of older children who are already among the most proficient students. A question Morris posed to the workshop is how such programs could be used to address health and obesity issues specifically.
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From page 131... ...
"The idea is to compensate families to make up for those times of challenge." Marion Standish of The California Endowment asked whether conditional cash transfer programs may add to the stress of families in environments where it may be very difficult or impossible to achieve certain goals. Morris acknowledged that this was a concern in establishing the Family Rewards program in New York City.
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From page 132... ...
In response to a question about how families receive the funds from conditional cash transfer programs, Morris said that the money goes into a bank account and can be spent without constraints by the recipient. It would be possible to designate the money for particular purposes, such as savings for college attendance or purchases of certain foods.
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From page 133... ...
2010. Toward reduced poverty across generations: Early findings from New York City's conditional cash transfer program.
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