Hunger and Obesity Understanding a Food Insecurity Paradigm: Workshop Summary (2011) / Chapter Skim
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4 Sentinel Populations
4 Sentinel Populations
Pages 51-70
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From page 51... ...
• In rural populations, the relationship between food insecurity and obesity is likely bidirectional and may be affected by the persistent poverty, reservation of food for children, tendency to binge when food is available, and lack of quality mental health services and health promotion programs, all of which have been reported in these populations.
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From page 52... ...
YOUNG CHILDREN AS A SENTINEL POPULATION John Cook, associate professor in the Department of Pediatrics at the Boston University School of Medicine, has been studying children under the age of 3 years in five states as a sentinel population to detect the effects of food insecurity on child health. He began his talk by pointing out, as described in Chapter 2, that the link between food insecurity and obesity is elusive.
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From page 53... ...
They also report that obese children under age 3 years without obese parents are at a low risk for adult obesity, but obesity among older children is an important predictor of adult obesity, whether or not the parents are obese. Additionally, food insecurity had significant effects on parental depression, which in turn affected physical health, according to Bronte-Tinkew et al.
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From page 54... ...
Weight gain of fewer than 16 pounds during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of intrauterine growth retardation, shortened period of gestation, low birth weight, and spontaneous preterm birth. Weight gain of more than 40 pounds is linked with elevated risk for the mother of gestational diabetes, long-term maternal weight retention, and other adverse maternal outcomes.
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From page 55... ...
. A growing body of evidence shows that too little or too much maternal weight gain in pregnancy can influence nutritional programming and obesity in offspring.
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There are few foreign-born Hispanic children in the United States; most of the children in this population are native born, many living in families where their parents and perhaps older siblings are foreign born. Quandt focused specifically in her talk on the Latino population in the United States.
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From page 57... ...
Many of these households are transnational, so parents have left even their young children in their home country with grandparents. They need to send money home, so getting them to talk about food security is difficult.
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From page 58... ...
The lower the language proficiency of the mother, the more obesity is seen. Quandt pointed to several high-priority research topics: • Focusing on the heterogeneity of immigrants, including their country of origin, where they live, parental SES, and the gender of children • Documenting variation in the food insecurity experiences among immigrants, including persistent food insecurity and cyclical food insecurity • Untangling the processes by which food insecurity can affect body weight among immigrants "I'm a big proponent of mixed methods simply because then we can start to understand what's going on," Quandt said, in particular, how food ways and physical activity patterns change in immigrants.
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From page 59... ...
A handful of very wealthy tribes have been able to profit from casinos, but that is not the experience of most Native people in the United States. Approximately 26 percent of American Indians in the United States live below the poverty line, and in some reservations, such as the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota where Pickering Sherman has worked, more than half of the people live in poverty.
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From page 60... ...
and buy it at Wal-Mart, and you go for quantities." Some of the research Pickering Sherman has done at the Pine Ridge Reservation looks at the coping strategies people use to maintain food security on a daily basis. These are very dynamic households, she noted.
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From page 61... ...
has tremendous potential to improve food security and the relationship with health on reservations, according to Pickering Sherman. The FDPIR and SNAP programs together represent 45 percent of the sources of food for reservation residents in Pine Ridge.
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The population is older, and a higher proportion of people have disabilities. In self-rated health measures that are done in many surveys, rural residents are more likely to rate their health as poor than are urban residents.
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From page 63... ...
Research Findings Olson has done much of her work in the area surrounding Ithaca, in upstate New York. In a longitudinal study of 28 rural households below 200 percent of the federal poverty line and having at least one child less than the age of 13, one observation that comes out "loud and clear," said Olson, is that adults restrain their eating and divert food to their children (Bove and Olson, 2006)
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From page 64... ...
The interaction of initial obesity and food insecurity was strongly related to major weight gain over time. Based on this result, Olson and her colleagues looked for a common element that predicts both food insecurity and increased risk of weight gain.
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From page 65... ...
The depth and persistence of poverty, the marginalization that comes with those conditions, the racism and discrimination these groups face, and their inability to access services are common threads across sentinel populations, even though each context is multifaceted and unique. At the individual level, food access and food consumption patterns are rooted in issues of profound poverty, but they also reflect variations in stress and in physical activity.
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From page 66... ...
For example, some policy makers might be tempted to link food assistance programs to obesity and conclude that such programs should be curtailed to reduce obesity. Another participant echoed this concern, saying that she once heard a local official raise doubts about the existence of food insecurity and hunger based on the reasoning that if those phenomena actually existed, then people wouldn't be overweight and obese.
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From page 67... ...
. Role for Emergency Food Networks Elizabeth Campbell with the University of California at Berkeley Atkins Center for Weight and Health pointed to the role of emergency food networks in combating food insecurity.
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From page 68... ...
2006. Experiences of Latino immigrant families in North Carolina help explain elevated levels of food insecurity and hunger.
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From page 69... ...
Van Hook, J., K
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