Hunger and Obesity Understanding a Food Insecurity Paradigm: Workshop Summary (2011) / Chapter Skim
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7 Socioecological Perspectives: The Environmental Level
7 Socioecological Perspectives: The Environmental Level
Pages 99-114
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From page 99... ...
• A potentially useful way of analyzing the environment is to consider neighborhoods -- as well as individuals and house holds -- as food insecure. One critical question from the socioecological perspective is whether the environment is a mediating factor between food insecurity and obesity, said Katherine Alaimo, associate professor in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Michigan State University, who moderated the session on the environmental level.
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From page 100... ...
. Odoms-Young cited one study that looked at the relationship between food pantry clients and the food environment in Pomona, California, which demonstrated that these families had lower access to stores that carried more healthful food options and that only 9 percent lived within walking distance of the pantry (Algert et al., 2006)
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From page 101... ...
(2010) found that a 10 percent increase in the price of fruits and vegetables was associated with a 0.7 percent increase in child body mass index (BMI)
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From page 102... ...
In contrast, for those with a large grocery store in the neighborhood, greater everyday unfair treatment and neighborhood physical environment stress were negatively related to comfort food intake. Low-Resource Environments as a Source of Stress Negotiating a low-resource environment can be a major source of stress.
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From page 103... ...
Reimbursable school meals include breakfast, lunch, twilight meals (after-school meals provided by the Child and Adult Care Food Program) , and snacks, and summer meals when school is not in session.
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From page 104... ...
. revised gure 7-1.eps Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 15 16 17 18 19 Toasted Ham 5" Round CA L ORIES: 556.2 Cheese Ravioli Chicken Meatballs & & Cheese on Pizza or PROTEIN: 27.5g w/Creamy Nuggets White Bread Beef Patty on Sauce CA L CIUM: Tomato Sauce or or a Bun 500.8m g IRON: 3.2m g Potato Rounds Beef Hot Dog Turkey on a VITA MIN A : Peach Cup w/Tri Tators Seeded Bun Baby Carrots 276.7RE BBQ Sauce Ranch VITA MIN C: 11.8m g Milk Hot Dog Bun Pear Dressing SATURATED FAT Applesauce (% o f c al o r i es )
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Models for Improving School Eating In Philadelphia, The Food Trust worked with the School District of Philadelphia and a number of collaborators on the School Nutrition Policy Initiative. A taskforce of 40 people representing different sectors has established school health and wellness councils.
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From page 106... ...
Policy and Practice Considerations Karpyn listed changes in policy and practice that could have an effect on child obesity: • Enforce wellness policies • Make breakfast part of the school day • Include meal participation rates on school report cards • Increase the reimbursement rate • Provide universal free meals • Reevaluate procurement practices to improve available foods • Provide integrated nutrition education • Establish school wellness councils • Create standards and accountability for competitive foods • Engage in farm-to-school programming • Continue working with corner stores Research Considerations Karpyn also listed the following research considerations: • What strategies are most effective in upgrading the food consumed from school lunch lines? Possibilities include increases in reim bursement rates, strategic procurement, educational interventions, farm-to-school programs, and taste testing.
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From page 107... ...
"We have ignored for too long the pervasive attitude of pointing blame back at the individuals who are struggling. We haven't done enough to engage the taxpayers to talk about what is in it for them, why this is a societal issue, and why we need to be responsible as taxpayers." FOOD-INSECURE NEIGHBORHOODS In the final presentation of the session on environmental factors, Diego Rose, professor in the Department of Community Health Sciences at Tulane University, challenged the argument that environments impact the relationships between food insecurity and obesity, unless one considers a neighborhood or an environment itself as being food insecure.
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From page 108... ...
Neighborhood Food Availability and Consumption Focusing solely on store access, however, misses the point that not all stores offer the same products. A number of studies have used in-store surveys to study the foods available in a neighborhood and the connection
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From page 109... ...
to develop a score of diet quality in the store and looked at consumption, finding a relationship between low diet quality and low availability of healthful foods. Rose and his colleagues found associations in four census tracts in New Orleans between the shelf space allotted to vegetables and vegetable consumption (Bodor et al., 2008)
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From page 110... ...
Store Layout Rose described a proposed study that would convert shelf space at corner stores from junk food to fruits and vegetables and determine the effects. To prepare for the study, he and his colleagues asked a random sample of 100 people from the neighborhoods selected for the study about everything consumed in the previous 24 hours and where it was purchased.
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Final Report for Food Assistance Grant Program, South ern Rural Development Center. Mississippi State University: Economic Research Service, U.S.
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2009b. School food environments and practices affect dietary behaviors of US public school children.
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2008. Associations of the local food environment with diet quality -- A comparison of assessments based on surveys and geographic information systems.
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2009. Neighborhood food environments and body mass index.
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