Nutrition and Traumatic Brain Injury Improving Acute and Subacute Health Outcomes in Military Personnel (2011) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 13-22
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 13... ...
In fact, when the data on sports-related brain injuries are extrapolated based on cases involving loss of consciousness, they suggest that on an annual basis, only 5.5–13 percent of patients visit hospital emergency departments. It is therefore estimated that 1.6–3.8 million sports-related TBIs actually occur in the United States annually, including those not treated by a health care provider (Langlois et al., 2006; Schroeder et al., 2007)
|
From page 14... ...
; Systems Engineering to Improve Traumatic Brain Injury Care in the Military Health System Workshop Summary (NAE/IOM, 2009) ; Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Assessment of the Evidence (IOM, 2008)
|
From page 15... ...
are conceptually expressed according to the amount of time elapsed after the initial insult, the boundaries of these definitions are actually ambiguous, and extrapolating the timing of effects from animal models to humans is not always feasible. That is, some of the early pathogenic events related to cell death may extend into the more chronically injured brain, while other pathogenic events typically associated with wound healing are also initiated -- and perhaps resolved -- within the more acutely injured brain.
|
From page 16... ...
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY CDC defines TBI as being caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury that disrupts the normal function of the brain.1 A penetrating brain injury is the result of an object, such as a bullet, shrapnel, or debris, piercing the skull. A closed head injury is caused by blunt-force trauma that does not break through the skull, as in a fall or hitting a car dashboard.
|
From page 17... ...
. Concurrent disorders have been found common among TBI patients, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder and other mental health disorders, substance abuse, and risk of suicide (Tanielian et al., 2008; Warden, 2006)
|
From page 18... ...
. Of 433 TBI patients from OEF and OIF being treated at Walter Reed Army Medical Center between 2003 and 2005, 19 percent also required an amputation (Warden, 2006; Warden et al., 2005)
|
From page 19... ...
The committee believes that nutritional approaches, or interventions, should not been seen as singular therapies but rather as complementary or supportive of other therapies. The committee considers nutritional interventions to range from the clinical support provision of essential nutrients and energy for recovery from major trauma, to individual nutrients or dietary supplements that may uniquely alter the repair process.
|
From page 20... ...
A preliminary exploration of the published literature was conducted, and several nutrients were selected for further exploration of their effectiveness in alleviating or mitigating various components of the injury process. In spring of 2010, the IOM appointed a committee of 11 experts with extensive knowledge across both military and civilian populations in the areas of neurology; nutritional sciences, clinical nutrition, and dietetics; physiology; physical medicine and rehabilitation; psychiatry and behavior; biochemical and molecular neuroscience; epidemiology/methodology; and the pathobiology of traumatic brain injury.
|
From page 21... ...
Part III presents a summary of the committee's findings and conclusions, and highlights its recommendations on promising areas for future research. Chapter 17 includes a breakdown of research, organized by topic, needed to overcome gaps in information, including assessing nutrition status of military personnel and TBI patients, improving animal models and identifying biomarkers of TBI, and prioritizing research that would address questions of TBI treatment efficacy for the most promising nutrients.
|
From page 22... ...
2007. Nonfatal traumatic brain injuries from sports and recreation activities -- United States, 2001–2005 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 56(29)
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.