Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies (2011) / Chapter Skim
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6 Sleep
6 Sleep
Pages 135-148
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From page 135... ...
. Mounting epidemiologic evidence indicates that short duration of sleep is a risk factor for obesity, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, hyperten 135
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Recommendation 6-1: Child care regulatory agencies should require child care providers to adopt practices that promote age-appropriate sleep dura tions among young children. Potential actions include • creating environments that ensure restful sleep, such as no screen media in rooms where children sleep and low noise and light levels during napping; • encouraging sleep-promoting behaviors and practices, such as calming nap routines; • encouraging practices that promote child self-regulation of sleep, including putting infants to sleep drowsy but awake; and • seeking consultation yearly from an expert on healthy sleep durations and practices.
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. Short sleep duration has been associated with increased television viewing and reduced participation in organized sports (Locard et al., 1992; Taveras et al., 2008; von Kries et al., 2002)
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Insufficient sleep may affect obesity and metabolic dysfunction through a variety of pathways. Short-term experimental studies in adults show that sleep restriction is associated with physiologic mechanisms that may increase the risk of adiposity and cardio-metabolic disorders (Patel and Hu, 2008)
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From page 139... ...
. These include sleep habits that reduce sleep quality and impair sleep duration, such as irregular bed and wake times, use of caffeine or other stimulating substances before bedtime, inappropriate napping habits, engagement in stimulating or stressful activities close to bedtime, and sleep environments that are uncomfortable or disruptive.
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Despite the increasing evidence relating sleep duration and obesity, the urgent need to decrease the prevalence of childhood obesity, and the avail ability of efficacious behavioral interventions to prevent and treat childhood sleep problems (Mindell et al., 2006) , few interventions have been undertaken to improve early childhood sleep to prevent obesity (Paul et al., 2011; Taveras Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies 140
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From page 141... ...
The authors also call for more research to examine various delivery meth ods for treatment, develop objective measures of sleep duration, and establish the long-term efficacy of existing interventions. Two recent pilot interventions among mother–infant dyads in the first year of life have attempted to improve early child hood sleep to promote healthy infant growth and prevent overweight (Paul et al., 2011; Taveras et al., 2010)
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From page 142... ...
They received developmentally appropriate counseling from their pediatrician and the health educator on ways to promote infant self-regulation of sleep, including avoiding sleep associations (e.g., putting infants in their crib drowsy but awake, avoiding relying on an external cue such as nursing for the infant to fall asleep) ; using alternative soothing methods for crying infants; and implementing healthy sleep habits, such as a calming bedtime routine.
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2010. Shortened nighttime sleep duration in early life and subsequent childhood obesity.
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2008. Childhood sleep time and long-term risk for obesity: A 32-year prospective birth cohort study.
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2009. Exposure to recurrent sleep restriction in the setting of high caloric intake and physical inactivity results in increased insulin resistance and reduced glucose tolerance.
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2004. Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index.
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International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 26(5)
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