Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies (2011) / Chapter Skim
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3 Physical Activity
3 Physical Activity
Pages 59-84
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From page 59... ...
• elp adults increase physical activity and decrease H sedentary behavior in young children. O ver the past 20 years, society has changed in multiple ways that have reduced the demand for physical activity and increased the time spent in sedentary pursuits.
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GOAL: INCREASE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN YOUNG CHILDREN Recommendation 3-1: Child care regulatory agencies should require child care providers and early childhood educators to provide infants, toddlers, and preschool children with opportunities to be physically active throughout the day. Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies 60
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For toddlers and preschool children, potential actions include • providing opportunities for light, moderate, and vigorous physical activity for at least 15 minutes per hour while children are in care; • providing daily outdoor time for physical activity when possible; • providing a combination of developmentally appropriate structured and unstructured physical activity experiences; • joining children in physical activity; • integrating physical activity into activities designed to promote children's cognitive and social development; • providing an outdoor environment with a variety of portable play equip ment, a secure perimeter, some shade, natural elements, an open grassy area, varying surfaces and terrain, and adequate space per child; • providing an indoor environment with a variety of portable play equipment and adequate space per child; • providing opportunities for children with disabilities to be physically active, including equipment that meets the current standards for accessible design under the Americans with Disabilities Act; • avoiding punishing children for being physically active; and • avoiding withholding physical activity as punishment. Rationale With adequate supervision and a secure perimeter, infants should be provided time each day to move freely and explore their surroundings.
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. Infants will generally approach and Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies 62
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Several studies have examined levels of light, moderate, and vigorous physical activity in young children using accelerometry as an objective measure. Differing accelerometer cut-points used by researchers to dis 63 Physical Activity
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Findings from physical activity interventions in the home and child care set tings provide evidence of successful strategies to increase young children's physi cal activity levels. Three family-based interventions demonstrated positive effects Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies 64
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. Some studies suggest that structured physical activity sessions implemented in child care settings can be effective in increasing physical activity levels among preschool-age children (Eliakim et al., 2007; Trost et al., 2008; Williams et al., 2009)
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. In a larger trial involving 84 child care centers, however, a similar intervention had no signifi cant impact on physical activity (Ward et al., 2008)
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. Therefore, including training on the benefits of physical activity and how to promote active play and provide a positive environment for such play is advisable for child care providers.
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, under the supervision of their caregivers, with increased opportunities to be physically active outside of their homes or child care settings. Neighborhoods and communities can affect children's opportunities to be physically active through the provision of parks, open spaces, and playgrounds (AAP, 2009)
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. To increase opportunities to be physically active for children with disabilities, both indoor and outdoor spaces for young children's physical activity Box 3-1 Behavioral Mapping: A New Approach to Link Outdoor Design with Physical Activity Levels Behavioral mapping is a method that combines direct observation of the physical attributes of a location, such as a playground, with measurement of the physical activity behaviors of individuals.
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. GOAL: DECREASE SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR IN YOUNG CHILDREN Recommendation 3-3: Child care regulatory agencies should require child care providers and early childhood educators to allow infants, toddlers, and preschoolers to move freely by limiting the use of equipment that restricts infants' movement and by implementing appropriate strategies to ensure that the amount of time toddlers and preschoolers spend sitting or standing still is limited.
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. Concern about the effects of restrictive devices was sufficient to lead Delaware in 2007 to require licensed child care centers to limit time spent, while awake, in any confining equipment, such as a crib, infant seat, swing, high chair, or playpen, to less than one-half hour (http://www.nrckids.org)
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GOAL: HELP ADULTS INCREASE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND DECREASE SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR IN YOUNG CHILDREN Recommendation 3-4: Health and education professionals providing guid ance to parents of young children and those working with young children should be trained in ways to increase children's physical activity and decrease Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies 72
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including content on how to counsel parents about children's physical activ ity and sedentary behaviors. Rationale Based on what is known about the impact of training for child care staff on chil dren's physical activity and the need for more training opportunities expressed by child care providers, a recommendation on training for health and education pro fessionals on ways to increase children's physical activity is appropriate.
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Child care providers acknowledged the need for more training opportunities, technical assistance, and resources. Specifically, child care center directors stated that child care providers and early childhood educators needed more ideas and resources for structured physical activities, especially those that are linked to the development of gross motor skills.
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Messages about physical activity and sedentary behavior also must be consistent across settings -- from the pediatrician's office, to the WIC clinic, to the child care center. Finally, professionals can empower parents to change children's environments and activities outside the home to encourage physical activity and decrease sedentary behavior.
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Elk Grove Village, IL: AAP and Washington, DC: APHA. AAP, APHA, and National Resource Center for Health Safety in Child Care and Early Education.
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2006. Assessing preschool children's physical activity: The observational system for recording physical activity in children-preschool version.
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2010. Challenges and Opportunities Related to Implementation of Child Care Nutrition and Physical Activity Policies in Delaware: Findings from Focus Groups with Child Care Providers and Parents.
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2003. Television watch ing and other sedentary behaviors in relation to risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mel litus in women.
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:450-457. Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies 80
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2009. Best-practice guidelines for physical activity at child care.
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:20 25 e21. Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies 82
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2010. Interventions for increasing physical activity at child care.
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