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A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases (2011) / Chapter Skim
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4 Health Disparities
Pages 51-64

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From page 51...
... Much of our knowledge of racial and ethnic disparities has been derived from national population samples, but efforts to elimi nate health disparities must occur in collaboration with local and regional healthcare organizations, communities, healthcare institutions, and healthcare providers. Federal databases are the source of much of the information currently available on racial and ethnic health disparities (Sequist and Schneider, 2006)
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From page 52...
... , found that even though coronary heart disease- (CHD-) and stroke-related mortality have decreased for all major racial/ethnic groups between 1980 and 2003, the burden of CVD and CVD risk factors remained disproportionately high in segments of the population defined by race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES)
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From page 53...
... Similar to CVD, the occurrence of many chronic lung diseases increases with advancing age. An exception is asthma, which is more common in childhood (Brown et al., 2008; Mannino et al., 2002)
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From page 54...
... . Prior surveillance data have shown that in comparison with white populations, racial and ethnic minorities generally have higher rates of CVD risk factors, CVD-related morbidity and mortality, poorer health, less adequate health care, and worse outcomes (Roger et al., 2010)
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From page 55...
... High levels of acculturation have also been associated with poorer risk factor control or a higher prevalence of chronic disease risk factors. Immigrants who speak their native language at home or have resided briefly in the United States may have reduced risk factor control.
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From page 56...
... . The numerous hypotheses for the concentration of CVD and stroke mortality in the Southeast include geographic differences in the distribution of major cerebrovascular disease risk factors (e.g., high blood pressure, diabetes, cigarette smoking, and obesity)
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From page 57...
... Another pathway underlying the association between race and chronic diseases is the patterning of health practices by race and socioeconomic status. Dietary behavior, physical activity, tobacco use, and alcohol abuse are important risk factors for chronic diseases including CHD, stroke, and chronic lung disease.
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From page 58...
... Disparities according to race/ ethnicity were seen in some, but not all, socioeconomic strata, with some non-Hispanic blacks and U.S.-born Mexican Americans having higher risk, and some foreign-born Mexican Americans having lower risk. Low SES is associated with a higher prevalence of risk factors, greater chronic disease burden, and higher expenses for health care, medications, and hospitalization.
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From page 59...
... . The cardiovascular and chronic lung diseases considered to be ACSCs include angina, hypertension, congestive heart failure (CHF)
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From page 60...
... Appreciation of the heterogeneity of the general population and the many health-related factors that distinguish populations, subpopulations, and groups within subpopulations from each other has grown over time and in importance. Therefore, a critical need remains for standard definitions of CVD and COPD data elements, as well as a need for consensus regarding the operationalization of race and ethnicity, SES, and biological risk factors in the surveillance of CVD and chronic lung disease.
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From page 61...
... 2004. Prevalence of heart disease and stroke risk factors in persons with prehypertension in the United States, 1999-2000.
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From page 62...
... 2006. Socioeconomic status and trends in disparities in 4 major risk factors for cardiovascular disease among U.S.
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From page 63...
... 2009. Racial differences in mortality among veterans hospitalized for exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Key Terms

  • risk factors
  • american journal
  • chronic lung
  • lung diseases
  • risk factor

  • heart disease
  • racial differences
  • african americans
  • racial disparities
  • pulmonary disease

  • mortality rates
  • african american
  • ethnic disparities
  • obstructive pulmonary
  • nationwide framework

  • health behaviors
  • chronic disease
  • chronic obstructive
  • healthy people
  • residential segregation

  • cardiovascular disease
  • coronary artery
  • cardiac catheterization
  • cvd risk
  • coronary heart

  • disease mortality
  • coronary revascularization
  • socioeconomic status
  • social context
  • death rates


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