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From page 969... ... Index A Frye test, 12, 53, 60, 63, 82, 102 n.292, 103 n.301, 111 n.344, 133 n.7, 166, Abuse-of-discretion standard, 14, 16, 17, 173 n.102, 186, 189, 195 n.183, 18, 19, 21, 25, 35-36, 100 n.279, 197, 367, 368, 806-807, 866, 867, 101 n.282, 104 n.303, 112 n.353, 949 226 n.36, 308 n.18, 563-564 n.44, interpreting Daubert, 19-22 565 n.48, 693, 827 n.73, 846 procedural issues, 30-36 n.179, 874 n.343, 947 n.83 qualifications of expert witness, 22-23 Academy of Toxicological Sciences relevancy standard, 13 (ATS) , 677 reliability standard, 13 Accreditation scientific foundation of studies, 23-25 engineering education, 931 standard of review, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, laboratories, 28, 62 n.30, 66, 68-69, 70 21, 25, 100 n.280, 101 n.283, 104 n.83, 99, 154, 156, 171 n.98, 538 n.304, 112 n.354, 226 n.36, 563 medical education, 695, 696, 697, 564 n.44, 565 n.48, 693, 827 n.73, 700, 701, 822, 823 n.49, 824, 873 846 n.179, 874 n.343, 947 n.83 Accreditation Board for Engineering and sufficiency conflated with, 20-21 Technology (ABET) Read the entire page →
From page 970... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence drop in, drop out, 151, 152, 153, 160 American Academy of Clinical electropherogram, 144, 145-146, Toxicologists, 678 182-183 American Academy of Environmental genetic typing, 139-140, 152, 159, Medicine, 677 n.115 182, 196 n.185 American Academy of Family Physicians, haplotype, 178, 181, 182, 204 735 Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 165, American Academy of Forensic Sciences, 166, 204, 207 125 heterozygosity, 139, 140, 147, 183 American Academy of Psychiatry and the n.139, 199, 204 Law, 823 n.52, 875 homozygosity, 139, 140, 183 n.139, American Association for Public Opinion 199, 204 Research, 417 kinship and, 163, 190 American Association for the ladders, 146, 147, 199 Advancement of Science, 8, 39 linkage equilibrium, 166, 205, 207 n.3, 46 location description, 200 American Association on Mental match, 205 Retardation, 371 mixtures of DNA, 182-183, 184-185 American Bar Association, 8, 869 multilocus genotype, 166, 204 American Board of Bariatric Medicine, nonhuman DNA, 195, 196, 197, 198 699 null, 144 American Board of Criminalistics, 156 population frequencies, 148, 155, n.52 163, 164-165, 166, 191, 195, 196 American Board of Emergency Medicine, n.185, 197, 200, 203, 204-205, 676-677 n.114 207 American Board of Forensic Odontology preferential amplification, 144 (ABFO) , 107 probes, 140, 207, 209 American Board of Forensic Psychology, randomly mating population, 165, 825 n.65 198, 204, 208 American Board of Forensic Toxicology, sex-typing test, 146-147 69 n.78 single-locus genotype, 204 American Board of Medical Specialties size considerations, 153 (ABMS) Read the entire page →
From page 971... ... Index American College of Medical Toxicology, Antitrust litigation, 22, 31 n.90, 213, 226 678 n.36, 260, 305, 306, 307 n.7, 313, American College of Physicians, 735 320, 321 n.48, 326, 328, 348 n.90, American College of Radiology, 727 365, 366 n.25, 373, 429 n.1, 431, American Conference of Governmental 439, 475, 491 n.89, 498, 728 Industrial Hygienists, 529 n.65 Aplastic anemia, 561, 724, 731 American Honda Motor Co. Read the entire page →
From page 972... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence income–education, 219, 260-262, lands and grooves, 92 n.231, 92-93 264-266, 312 limits on testimony, 27 n.79, 101-102, linear, 261, 262, 264-268, 286, 321, 122-123, 123 n.441 348, 352 neutron activation analysis, 120 n.416, negative, 566 n.51 123 n.441, 127 statistical, between variables, 213, 217- pretrial discovery, 125-126 218, 219, 221-222, 230, 233-235, proficiency testing, 97-99 252 n.103, 253, 254, 260-263, 264, subclass charateristics, 93 265 n.129, 266, 285, 286, 291, techniques, 91-97, 120 295, 298, 312, 321, 352, 356 toolmarks, 72 n.93, 94 n.242, 96-97, true or real, 559, 568, 572, 574, 575, 98, 99-100, 103 n.301 581-582, 590, 591, 592 n.126, Bayes, Thomas, 241 n.84 625, 627, 629 Bayesian approach (Bayes' theorem; Atkins v. Virginia, 369-371, 815 n.5, 833 subjectivist approach) Read the entire page →
From page 973... ... Index Bias (see also Confounding factors; technique, 71, 105-108 individual disciplines) uniqueness of dentition, 105-106 aggregation, 623 Blood bank samples, 164 ascertainment, 187 Blood evidence cognitive, 29, 79-80, 169 n.89, 706, ABO typing, 72, 132 n.3, 275 743 alcohol levels, 228, 373 n.64, 791, 913 conceptual errors, 590 animal, 197 contextual (expectation) Read the entire page →
From page 974... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence Breach-of-warranty action, 31 cross-examination, 169 n.84 Breast cancer, 259 n.122, 562, 607 n.170, Daubert hearings, 6, 14, 23 n.61, 31, 617 n.211, 704-705, 708, 710, 35-36, 74 n.105, 76-77, 122 711-712, 719, 721, 727, 733-734, in limine motions, 14, 22, 414 n.213 736-737, 738-739 jury instructions, 29, 168 n.84, 170 Bundy, Ted, 113 n.95, 383 n.104, 455, 943 Bureau of Economic Analysis, 484 pretrial conferences, 6, 488 Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) , 471, 484 pretrial Daubert hearings, 6, 18, 30, Burke v. Read the entire page →
From page 975... ... Index confounding factors, 218, 220, 221, subsequent unexpected events and, 222, 591, 592-593, 598, 672-673 438, 480-481, 495, 500 consistency of trends, 606 synthesizing multiple studies, 19-20, correlation and, 309 21, 23-24, 217 n.14 Daubert trilogy and, 12 target organ specificity, 662-663 defined, 552 n.7 temporal relationship, 217 n.14, 323 differential diagnosis, 217 n.14, 512 n.52, 558, 560-561, 562-563, 587 n.21 n.111, 600-601, 606, 669 n.94, direction of, 322-323 714 n.100 dose–response relationship, 603 "weight-of-the-evidence" ecological studies, 561 n.34, 562 methodology, 565 n.48 epidemiological studies, 23, 217 n.14, Censuses, undercount litigation, 2-3, 218, 597-606 213, 223-224, 247 n.90, 268, 275 excretion routes for toxic agents and, n.149, 307, 308 668 Centers for Disease Control and exposure evidence, 25-26, 558, 587 Prevention (CDC) , 418 n.246, n.111, 588, 597-606, 666-667 536-537, 561-562 n.36, 672 extrapolation issues, 23, 222, 223, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid 563-565, 661-662, 664 Services, 862 n.290 general, 24, 551 n.2, 552, 565 n.48, Central Intelligence Agency, 805 578 n.85, 597-606, 637 n.7, 638, Charter on Medical Professionalism, 703 657 n.87, 659, 660-665 Chloramphenicol, 724, 731 generalizability of studies, 222, 564, Chlordane, 543, 643 n.28 595 n.133, 623 Chromosomes (see also Genes) Read the entire page →
From page 976... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence Chronic Lyme disease (CLD) , 728 Computer assisted tomography (CAT Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 505 n.4 scan) Read the entire page →
From page 977... ... Index D DeLuca v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 247 n.92, 551 n.2, 553, 567 n.55, Damages (see Economic damages) Read the entire page →
From page 978... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence Discovery (see also Disclosures to DNA databases and database searches opposing parties) all-pairs matching, 191-192 amended rules, 32-34 Arizona offender database, 191-192 "assumptions" provision, 34 Australian offender database, 192 DNA evidence, 126, 191 birthday problem, 192 n.170 e-discovery, 34-35 British National DNA Database, improving the process, 330-331 144-145 laboratory reports, 125 CODIS (Combined DNA Index mass torts litigation, 366-367 System) Read the entire page →
From page 979... ... Index case law development, 131, 132-133 NRC reports, 60-61, 125, 127-128, ceiling principles, 167 n.80, 200, 133, 134 n.12, 141 n.19, 143, 161, 204-205 162, 163 n.72, 164 n.75, 166-167, chain of custody, 157, 162 168 n.84, 169 n.89, 170 n.95, 174 coincidence hypothesis, 161, 163-167, n.110, 175, 176 n.114, 185, 187 172, 173 n.106 188, 192 n.170 contact, 151 objections to, 135 database matches, 165 n.76, 179, 186- population frequencies, 134 n.12, 148, 189, 190, 191-192 155, 163-165, 166, 178, 182, 191, Daubert and, 166, 167, 171 n.98, 173 195, 196 n.185, 197, 200, 203, n.102, 181, 186, 189, 194 n.176 204-205, 207 defendant's fallacy, 168 n.89 population structure adjustments, 166 defense experts, 127-128, 162, 168 n.84 167, 179, 182, 192, 207 empirical testing, 60-62, 66, 148 posterior probabilities, 172, 173-174 error rates, 162, 170, 171 nn.96-98 prejudicial testimony, 167-170, 171 exclusions, 117, 133, 135, 144 n.25, n.97, 181 n.136, 185-186, 189, 156, 158 n.56, 159-160, 167-168, 190 n.164 169, 171, 173, 175 n.111, 177-178, pretrial discovery, 125-126 179, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 188, prior probabilities, 173, 174 190 n.164, 196 n.185 probability sampling, 184 exonerations, 27, 62, 109-110, 116, product rule, 165-167, 198, 199, 204 117, 119, 124, 125 n.450, 134, 157 205, 207 n.55 qualifications of experts, 134-135, 156 Frye (general acceptance) test, 133 n.7, n.52 166, 167, 173 n.102, 181, 186, random match probabilities, 60, 135, 189, 195 n.183, 197 155, 164, 165, 167-171, 172, 173, hair, 114, 116, 143, 149 n.133, 151, 175-176, 181 n.34, 182, 186, 187, 155, 170, 177, 178 n.123, 179, 180, 188, 189, 190, 191-192, 196, 197, 181 n.134 198 n.194, 205, 208, 251 n.99 history, 132-134 random sample/sampling, 164-165, hypotheses for matching profiles, 178 160-161 in randomly mating populations, 165 jury comprehension of, 167-171, 175 166, 179, 198, 204, 208 n.111, 189-190 n.164 "rarity" or "strength" testimony, 175 laboratory errors, 160-162 reappraisal of, 60-62 likelihood ratios, 169 n.89, 172-173, relatives as sources (kinship 174, 175, 177-178, 185-186, 205, hypothesis) Read the entire page →
From page 980... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence statistical conclusions, 131, 133, 134, degraded samples, 147, 149, 151, 152 135, 155, 160, 163, 166, 167, 168 153, 155, 157 n.55, 158, 160, 177, n.85, 169 n.91, 171, 172, 174, 178, 201 179, 181, 182-183, 185, 186-189, denaturation, 143, 201 193, 197 electropherograms, 144, 145, 146, transposition fallacy, 168-169, 170 147, 182-183, 184, 199, 202, 208 n.92, 173, 209 emerging (next-generation) "uniqueness" testimony, 175-176 technologies, 140, 148-150 unrelated person as source, 163-167 extraction, 132, 143-144, 148, 151, vaginal swabs, 147, 151, 158, 182, 183 153 n.44, 177, 183 verbal expressions of probative value, false-negative rates, 116, 162 174-176, 182 false-positive rates, 161-162, 170-171 wrongful convictions on, 62 n.32, 141 gel electrophoresis, 141, 200, 203, 209 n.18 heteroplasmy and, 177, 179, 180, 181, DNA laboratories 204 accreditation, 62, 154, 156, 171 n.98 high-throughput sequencing, 149-150 certification, 154 n.48, 156 "lab-on-a-chip" devices, 148-149, documentation requirements, 154-155 200-201 errors in matches, 160-162, 171 limitations, 141 performance standards, 153-159 low copy number (LCN) Read the entire page →
From page 981... ... Index sample collection and preservation, low-dose risk curve, 673 n.107 151-153 maximum tolerated dose (MTD) , 644 sequence-specific oligonucleotide 645, 682 (SSO) Read the entire page →
From page 982... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence avoided losses, 449, 464-465, 466- escalation, 451, 452, 453, 454, 495, 467, 478 501 but-for analysis, 311, 319, 429, 431, examples of calculations, 491-500, 432, 433, 436, 438-439, 440-443, 893-894 449-450, 455, 460, 461, 470, 471, exclusionary conduct, 441-442, 476 472, 473, 475, 476-477, 491, 492, expectation damages, 433, 434, 435, 493-494, 496-497, 498, 501 436, 437, 442-443, 449, 467, 497, capitalization factor, 444, 459-460, 501 469, 501 expected value approach, 437, 459, causation, 22, 438, 463-464, 480-481, 462, 463, 468-469 495, 500, 942-943 fairness of settlement, 490-491 class actions, 7, 238 n.72, 247 n.90, fixed cost, 446, 450, 499, 502 248 n.93, 429, 462, 463, 483, 486, foreseeability rule, 463, 464 489-491 fringe benefits, 455, 470, 471-473, class certification and, 30-31, 32 n.95, 492-494 463, 489 future dollars, 451, 501 compensatory, 238 n.71, 239-240, general approach to quantification, 388, 433, 434 n.10, 437, 455 432-443 compound interest, 457, 458, 501 harmful act/event analyzed, 432, 439, constant dollars, 451, 452, 453, 454, 440, 442 495, 501 hypothetical acts of defendant, court-appointed experts and special 439-440 masters, 7, 488, 489 hypothetical property, 447-448 data used to measure damages, individual class members, 490 482-486 inflation, 429, 444, 451-454, 469, Daubert and, 22, 30-31, 32 n.95, 431- 495, 499, 501, 502 432, 461, 462 intellectual property damages, 307, defined benefit plan, 472-473 311, 429 n.1, 439, 440, 441, defined contribution plan, 472, 473 498-499, 501, 502, 932-933, 938, disaggregation, 429, 438, 475-477, 945-946 479 interest for losses, 429, 430, 436 n.19, disclosure standards, 429, 481, 441 n.26, 444, 452-453, 454, 457 486-488 459, 460, 490, 495, 500, 501, 502 discount rates, 452-454, 459, 471, life expectancy, 471, 472, 473, 474, 493, 495 492, 493, 495-496 discounted lost cash flows, 429, 430, lifetime income calculations, 470-471, 443, 444, 448-460, 469, 471, 500 474, 493, 495-496 double-counting, 442, 443 n.29 limitations on recoverable damages, earnings losses, 429, 431, 443, 453- 461-467 454, 455 n.44, 458, 460, 465, 472, liquidated damages, 429, 461, 467, 490, 491-497, 501 476 earnings projections, 430, 438, 439- marginal costs, 446, 499 440, 454 n.40, 470-471, 492, market approach based on prices and 496-499 values, 429, 431, 440, 443, 444 electronic data, 482, 486, 487, 488 448, 459-460, 469, 481, 498, 501 employment cases, 434 n.11, 457, 478 market effect of adverse information, engineering testimony, 942-943 448 982 Read the entire page →
From page 983... ... Index market friction adjustments, 446-447 reliance damages, 433, 434, 435, 436 mean vs. median awards, 238 n.18, 437, 442-443, 449, 497, 502 measures of losses, legally prescribed, restitution, 433, 435, 497, 502 433-439 retirement issues and benefits, 465, medical expenses, 472, 474, 505 n.3 470, 471, 472-473, 492, 493, medical insurance benefits, 471-472 495-496 medical malpractice, 474 sampling data, 482-483, 485, 486 missing data, 319, 485-486 securities litigation, 429 n.1, 431, 448 mitigation of losses, 450-451, 461, services lost, 474 464-466, 470, 481, 496, 497, 498, speculative, 454 nn.40 & 43, 461-463, 499-500, 502 468 multiple challenged acts, 429, 438, startup businesses, 447, 449, 456, 465 475-477, 479 466, 468-470 nominal (ordinary) Read the entire page →
From page 984... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence Empirical testing (see also specific disciplines) experience, 901, 902, 903, 904, 906, Daubert and, 62-64 922, 928-929, 930 Engineering evidence experiment-based evidence, 933, 934 accelerated testing, 905-906, 944 936, 938, 944 acceptable risk, 908, 909-910, 915-920 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety accreditation, 931-932 Standards (FMVSS) Read the entire page →
From page 985... ... Index product liability litigation, 901, 938, Epidemiology 939-943, 947 adjustments for noncomparable study professional engineers (PEs) , 931, 932 groups, 571-572 property damage, 943, 947 admissibility of evidence, 551 n.2, qualifications of experts, 831, 901, 553, 555 n.14, 562 n.38, 565 n.48, 932-939, 949 579 n.85, 581 n.89, 583 n.100, radiant heating hose flaws, 922-923 601 n.153, 606 n.169, 609 n.181, reasoning processes, 902-904 610, 618 nn.213 & 214 registration, 931, 932, 949 agent, defined, 551 n.3, 619 regulatory context, 919, 947-948, alpha, 576, 577, 578 n.84, 579-581, 951-952, 953 582, 619 reliability of evidence, 900, 906, 933, alternative explanations, 552-553 n.7, 935, 940 n.62, 945, 946, 947, 958 582, 595, 598, 600, 605 n.106 animal studies of toxicity, 563-565, retrospective product modification, 603 n.160, 625 907 association (exposure–disease) Read the entire page →
From page 986... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence cohort study, 556, 557-559, 560, 567, hospital-based studies, 584 568, 573, 583, 584, 585 n.104, 589, human (in vitro) studies, 555-556, 590, 592, 593, 594, 607, 621, 624, 564, 623 625, 626, 628, 657, 658-659, 716 incidence of disease, 551, 557, 558, conceptualization problems, 589-590 560, 561 n.34, 562, 566, 567, 568 confidence intervals, 573, 578 n.85, n.58, 569 n.61, 570, 571, 577 579-580, 581, 582 n.94, 585 n.83, 582, 592, 594, 595, 598, 603, n.106, 608, 621, 628 605, 608 612, 613, 615, 616, 619, confounding factors, 24, 554, 563, 621, 622, 623, 624, 625, 628 567-568, 572, 574, 575 n.74, 584 information bias, 585-590, 624 n.103, 585, 591-597, 598, 602, 605, interpretation of study results, 566-572 612-613, 621, 622, 628, 657 n.67 meta-analysis, 15, 19-20, 23, 579, 581 cross-sectional studies, 556, 560-561, n.89, 606-608, 624 621-622 misclassification bias, 588 n.115, 589 Daubert and, 551 n.2, 574 n.72, 575 590, 622, 624, 625 n.74, 576 n.77, 578-579 n.85, 581 missing data, 595-596 n.89, 610-611 n.185, 617 n.212 multivariate analysis, 596, 597, 625 design of studies, 556-563, 589-590 null hypothesis, 574, 575, 576 n.78, differential diagnosis/etiology, 217 577 nn.81 & 82, 579, 581-582, n.14, 512 n.21, 589-590, 591, 610 619, 620, 625, 626, 628, 629 n.183, 613 n.193, 617-618 observational studies, 555-563, 566, dose–response relationship, 563, 565, 581, 590, 592, 593, 607, 608, 624, 585, 600, 603, 613, 616 n.204, 622 625, 627 ecological fallacy, 623 odds ratio, 566, 568-569, 573, 584, ecological studies, 556-557, 561-563, 589, 625 623 power of hypothesis tests, 580 n.88, error sources, 556 n.19, 572-597, 612- 582-583, 607 613, 619, 620, 621, 623, 624, 626, prevalence, 560, 567 n.54, 602 n.157, 627, 628, 629 622, 625, 626 experimentaI studies, 555-556 publication bias, 590 and exposure science, 505, 506, 508, p-values, 575 n.74, 576, 577 n.81, 509, 512, 518, 519, 533, 535, 536, 578-580, 626, 628 537, 538, 540, 547 random assignment, 555, 556 n.15, extrapolation, 535 n.75, 563, 565, 603 592, 607, 623, 626 n.160, 613 random error, 556 n.19, 572 n.67, false negatives (beta errors or Type II 573, 574-582, 585 n.106, 589, errors) Read the entire page →
From page 987... ... Index replication of results, 604 Evidence, defined, 51 selection bias, 583-585, 591, 627 Evolution, theory of, 50 specific causation, 24, 551 n.2, 552, Ex parte contact, 329-330 606-618 ExperimentaI studies, 555-556 specificity of association, 605-606 Experts/expertise (see also individual standardized mortality (or morbidity) disciplines) Read the entire page →
From page 988... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence concentration, 506 n.5, 519 n.35, 525, lungs/respiratory tract/inhalation, 507, 527-529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 509, 516, 517, 518, 519 n.36, 520, 535, 536, 540 n.88, 541-542, 543, 522-523, 524, 526, 534, 544, 545, 544, 546 546, 547 consumer products, 505, 506, 507, metabolism/metabolites, 518, 527 509-511, 515, 516, 519-520, 524, n.62, 534-535 526, 527, 528, 533, 537, 545, 546 modeling, 508, 521, 528, 530-533, contexts for, 509-512 538, 544, 546 Daubert and, 25-26 occupational exposures, 26, 217 n.14, distribution, 511, 518, 532, 534, 535, 505-506 n.5, 511, 516, 517, 526, 546 529, 536, 539, 540, 652 n.54, 663 dose, 507, 508, 509, 513 n.26, 518- n.81 520, 525-528, 529, 531 n.67, 533- organic chemicals, 508-509, 513-514, 534, 535, 536, 538, 539, 541, 544, 515, 520-521, 522, 528 n.63, 537 545, 546, 547 overview, 506-507 duration of exposure, 518, 519, 525, particulate matter (PM) , 511 n.17, 512 526 n.22, 515, 523-524, 528 n.63, 532, environmental contaminants, 25, 508, 533 n.72 509, 510-511, 515-516, 520-522, pathways of exposure, 512 n.26, 517, 536, 537 518, 519-523, 524, 527-528, 531, environmental degradation, 521-522, 532, 533, 536, 538, 543, 544, 546 524, 531, 532 persistance, 521-522, 353-536, 537 environmental media, 507, 508, 509, pharmacokinetics, 535, 540 510, 518, 521-522, 524, 527-528, presentation of data, 541-542 530, 533, 541, 546 processes of human exposure, 516-525 environmental models, 530-533 product contaminants, 505, 506, 507, environmental sampling, 528, 529, 509-511, 515, 516, 519-520, 524, 530, 533, 538, 541 526, 527, 528, 533, 537, 545, 546 epidemiology and, 505, 506, 508, 509, qualifications of experts, 508, 539-540 512, 518, 519, 533, 535, 536, 537, quality of assessment, 537-539 538, 540, 547 quantification of exposure, 525-534 excretion, 518, 523, 527, 532, 534-535 reconstruction of exposure, 512, 513 fate and transport, 507, 521, 532 n.26, 529, 531 n.66, 539, 657 n.57 gastrointestinal (GI) Read the entire page →
From page 989... ... Index sources of exposure, generally, 516-517 ballistics analysis, 120 n.416 specific causation, 26 CODIS, 61, 62 n.30, 145, 201 standards for dose limits, 512 n.22, crime laboratory, 58 521 n.43, 528-529, 536 DNA analysis, 61-62, 69-70, 116, target site (systemic) dose, 507, 519, 145, 154, 156, 157, 178, 179 535, 536, 547 n.128, 180, 187, 194 toxicology and, 505, 506, 508, 509, fingerprint analysis, 67 n.66, 74, 75, 518, 159, 533, 535, 537, 538, 540, 77, 78, 79-80, 81, 83 n.175 547 hair analysis, 113 n.358 units of concentration, 525, 541-542 toolmark identification, 203 n.300 volatile chemicals, 514, 520, 521, 531, Uniform Crime Reports, 231 650 n.48, 657 n.66, 668 Federal Communications Commission, Extrapolation 378 animals to humans, 4-5, 15, 23, 223 Federal Employees Liability Act, 947 n.26, 535 n.75, 563, 565, 636, Federal Highway Administration, 916 641, 645, 646-647, 648, 658, 661- Federal Insanity Defense Reform Act, 868 662, 669-670, 692 n.21 Federal Judicial Center, 8-9, 63 n.39 in class actions, 238 n.72 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure of damages from past earnings, 438 Rule 23, 30-31, 32 defined, 682 Rule 26, 32, 33, 34, 35, 374, 414, dose–response relationships, 4-5, 603 417-418 n.246, 486-487, 696 n.33 n.160, 636, 641, 645, 648, 651 Rule 53, 35 exclusion of evidence, 23, 692 n.21 Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure representativeness of populations for, Rule 16, 125 613, 727 Rule 23(a) Read the entire page →
From page 990... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence Federation of American Societies for Firearms identification (see Ballistics Experimental Biology, 46 evidence) Federation of State Medical Boards, 698 First Amendment, 792 Fiber analysis, 57, 61, 62 n.32, 71 n.88, Food additives, 5, 216, 510, 515, 517, 113, 120 n.410 525 n.56, 919 Fifth Amendment, 790-792 Food and Drug Administration, 25, 217 Fingerprint evidence n.14, 461-462, 525, 581 n.89, 640, admissibility, 27 n.78, 73, 81-83 644 n.29, 647-648, 650, 670 n.97, analysis, comparison, evaluation, and 678, 696 n.33, 720, 728, 730, 731, verification (ACE-V) Read the entire page →
From page 991... ... Index DNA exonerations, 27, 62, 110, 116, Forensic Sciences Foundation, 69 n.82 117, 119, 125 n.451, 134 Formaldehyde, 522 n.47, 528 n.64, 653, drug analysis, 59 656 n.65, 658 n.70, 673 n.107, empirical testing, 60-64, 66 n.62 674 n.110 ethical responsibilities of experts, 125 Fourteenth Amendment, 792 false-positive errors, 77, 78, 100, 109, Fourth Amendment, 796 116 Framingham Study, 708 Fed. Read the entire page →
From page 992... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence Genes (see also Alleles; Chromosomes; observer effects, 67 DNA) proficiency studies, 85-89 amelogenin, 146, 147, 183 technique, 83-84 coding and noncoding sequences, 138, Haplotypes, 178, 181, 182, 204 139, 177, 201 Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 165, 166, defined, 138, 142 204, 207 DQA, 202 Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, 910 Genome (see also Chromosomes; DNA) Read the entire page →
From page 993... ... Index Intellectual property litigation, 307, 311, questionnaires, 226 n.36 429 n.1, 439, 440, 441, 498-499, right to a trial by, 5, 21, 226 n.35, 501, 502, 932-933, 938, 945-946 794-795 (see also Patents) selection, 225, 226 n.36, 249, 253 "Intelligent Design" litigation, 50 n.104 International Academy of Forensic Jury Selection and Service Act, 226 n.36, Toxicology, 678 252 n.102 International Agency for Research on Justice for All Act, 62 n.30, 154 n.48 Cancer (IARC) Read the entire page →
From page 994... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence Law Enforcement Assistance Major depressive disorder, 828 n.76, 829, Administration (LEAA) , 69, 97 830, 832, 838, 839, 863 n.297, 879 n.263, 117 n.357 Lead exposure, 510 n.15, 521 n.41, 522, Mammography, 259 n.122, 708, 710, 524 n.49, 531 n.67, 536-537, 640, 711-712, 726-727, 738-739 653, 654, 662, 667, 870 n.332 Management of expert evidence (see Case Leapfrog Group, 701 management) Read the entire page →
From page 995... ... Index Medical practice malpractice litigation, 474, 689, 692, delivery of care, 700-701, 721-722 694 n.27, 695, 698, 816-817, 852, education and training for, 695-700 877, 878, 951 outcome goals, 702-703 medical decisionmaking, 704-740 patient–physician encounters, 703-704 medical reasoning, 693-695 quality of care, 702-704, 721-722 meta-analysis, 722-723, 724, 725 Medical Practice Acts, 698 natural frequency statements, 712, 737 Medical testimony negative predictive value, 710, 711, absolute risk, 738 744 Bayes' rule, 259 n.122, 706 n.78, 707- null hypothesis, 724, 725 714, 725, 742 odds ratio, 738 causal reasoning, 23, 714-717, 742 pathophysiological reasoning, 715 clinical practice guidelines, 726-728 personal injury cases, 689, 690 n.8 clinical reasoning process, 689, 705- positive predictive value, 710, 711, 707, 741 712, 744, 781 conditional probability, 710, 712, 714, posterior probabilities, 710, 742 737, 742 posttest probability, 742, 744 cross-sectional studies, 716, 736-737 predictive value, 710, 711, 712, 744, Daubert and, 690, 692-693, 696 n.33 781 diagnostic reasoning, 689, 693, 704- pretest probability, 710-711, 742, 744 717, 719, 741 prior probability, 708, 710-711 diagnostic testing, 704, 717, 719-720, probabilistic reasoning, 707-714, 715 724, 742 product liability cases, 22, 689, 693, diagnostic verification, 706, 715, 719, 703, 731 n.189 742, 743, 744 prognostic testing, 721 differential etiology, 690-691, 741, prosecutor's fallacy, 712 742-743 p-value, 724 etiology, defined, 691, 743 qualifications of experts, 698, 700, 729 evidence-based medicine, 722-723, randomized controlled studies, 716, 726, 733, 738 718, 722-723, 724, 725, 729, 730 false-negative test, 708, 711, 724 731, 732, 736 false-positive test, 708, 710-711, 713, "reasonable medical certainty/ 714, 717-718, 720, 724, 725, 735 probability," 124, 691-692, 693, 694 General Electric Co. Read the entire page →
From page 996... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence treatment-related, 728-734 Mental health evidence (see also Mental true-negative test, 708, 710, 711, 724 health assessment; Competency; true-positive test, 708, 711, 712-713, Diagnosis of mental disorders; 717, 724 Treatment of mental disorders) variations in care, 721-722 admissibility of, 815-821, 827, 846 Medications for mental disorders (see also n.179, 866, 867, 869 n.328, 886, specific medications) Read the entire page →
From page 997... ... Index psychodynamic theory, 859, 865-867, individual characteristics, 113-114, 891 114-116 psychology/psychologists, 822, 823 neutron activation analysis, 115, 123 n.51, 824-825, 826-827, 847, 849, n.438 865, 869, 870-871, 872, 873-874, proficiency testing, 69 n.81, 117 875, 876 n.349, 878, 888, 893-894 random-match probability, 118 n.402 psychopharmacology (see Medications technique, 113-114 for mental disorders) Military Rules of Evidence, 794 psychotherapists/psychotherapy, 822, Military Service Act, 249 825, 826-827, 858-859, 870, 873- Millsap v. Read the entire page →
From page 998... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence death penalty deterrence analysis, 307, job aptitude test–performance 308 correlation, 333-336 dependent variable, 305, 308, 311- justifying choice of model, 317 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 321, 322- least squares method, 326-327, 335, 324, 325 n.55, 326, 327, 332, 334, 336, 337, 339, 340, 341, 342, 345 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 345, 346, 347, 354, 355 347, 348, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356 linear associations, 321, 348, 352 design of research, 308-309, 310, linear regression model, 260 n.124, 311-317 264, 298, 316-317, 336-339, 347, discovery process, 330-331 353, 354 discrimination cases, 305, 306, 309- mean, 332, 341, 342, 343, 350, 351, 310, 312-314, 315-317, 318-320, 354, 356 323-324, 336-347, 350-351 mean squared error (MSE) , 344, 347, dispute resolution over statistical 354 studies, 331-332 measurement error, 327-328 economic damages, 305-306, 308 misleading data, 349 n.12, 311, 319, 328, 348, 431, 446, model specification (research design) Read the entire page →
From page 999... ... Index p-values, 320-321, 324 n.54, 347, 350-351, 354, 356 N qualifications of experts, 328-329 National Academy of Engineering, 46 quasi-experiments, 312, 355 National Academy of Sciences, 46, 47, 649 random (sampling) error, 314 n.30, National Aeronautics and Space 336, 337, 339, 342 n.79, 355 Administration, 927 random variables, 355, 356 National Ambient Air Quality Standards ranges, 312 n.26, 333, 343, 345, 353 (NAAQS) Read the entire page →
From page 1000... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence National Rifle Association, 411 Due Process Clause and, 792 National Science Foundation, 45 Eighth Amendment and, 795 National Toxicology Program (NTP) , Employee Polygraph Protection Act, 655, 656 n.64 792-794 Natural experiments, 290, 312, 355 examples of uses in litigation, 796-811 Natural Resources Defense Council, 678 experimental design issues, 777-779 Negligence, 893 Fed. Read the entire page →
From page 1001... ... Index Neutron activation analysis, 120 n.416, 123 n.441, 127 P New Scotland Yard, 73, 78 n.143 Paradigm, defined, 41-42 Newton, Isaac, 42, 43 Parlodel litigation, 25 n.69, 562 n.38, 564 Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 552 n.4, n.47, 591 n.122 740-741 Partial-birth abortion cases, 7 Nonhuman DNA testing Patents affinal model, 198 n.194, 199 assessment of claims in, 935, 946 cats, 196, 197 conflicts of interest, 48-49 dogs, 193, 197, 198 n.193 drugs, 854 HIV, 194, 195 n.181 expert testimony, 933, 945-946 individual organisms, 195-198 infringement cases, 3-4, 6, 193, 306, microbial bioterrorism agents, 149, 194 307 n.12, 309, 311, 319, 321, 440 mitochondrial, 193, 194, 195 n.180 n.24, 441, 945-946 phylogenetic analysis, 193, 194-195 Paternity cases, 132, 158 n.56, 164, 172, sequencing/profiling methods, 196, 174, 206 197-198 Peer review, 13, 44-45, 48, 49 n.16, 50, 53, species and subspecies, 193-195 64, 66, 102 n.291, 103 n.301, 109, Nurses' Health Study, 717 328, 375, 508 n.11, 608, 617-618 n.212, 677, 678, 679, 776-777, 786, 787, 803, 806, 866 nn.306 & 309, 886, 901, 931, 935, 938, 958 n.106 O People v. Collins, 712 Objections to expert testimony, 29 (see People v. Read the entire page →
From page 1002... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) , 14, medical probabilistic reasoning, 15, 522, 545, 565 n.48, 581 n.89, 707-714 586 n.109, 640, 652, 661 n.77, 665 posterior, 172, 173-174, 241-242, n.88, 668 258-259, 274, 275, 283, 710, 742 Polygraph evidence (see also Lie detection) Read the entire page →
From page 1003... ... Index quality of tests, 78-79, 86-87, 99 reporting results in court, 171 R types, 69 R Read the entire page →
From page 1004... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence falsifiability or testability, 13, 16, communication, 737-739 40-41, 43-44, 48, 49, 53, 63, 64, extrapolation, 547, 603 n.160, 651, 866 n.309 661-662 general acceptance of methodology, 12, low-dose risk curve, 673 n.107 13, 52 n.20, 53, 59-60, 63, 82, 102 medical, 737, 738 n.292, 103 n.301, 111 n.344, 133 relative (RR) , 234 n.62, 247 n.91, n.7, 166, 173 n.102, 186, 189, 195 295, 566-568, 569, 570 n.62, 572, n.183, 197, 367, 368, 617 n.211, 573, 574, 575-576, 577 n.82, 578 806-807, 866, 867, 949 n.85, 579, 580, 581, 582, 591, 594, peer review of research and, 13, 44-45, 601, 611, 612, 614-615, 616, 619, 48, 49 n.16, 50, 53, 64, 66, 102 621, 626, 627, 659, 737, 738, 851 n.291, 103 n.301, 109, 328, 375, n.214 508 n.11, 608, 617 n.211, 677, 678, violence (future dangerousness) Read the entire page →
From page 1005... ... Index peer review and, 44-45, 48, 49 n.16, Sixth Amendment, 794-796 50, 53 Society for Neuroscience, 750 n.2 as profession or career, 45-47 Society for Psychophysiological Research, pseudoscience, 49, 52 367 reward system and authority structure, Society of Breast Imaging, 727 46-47 Society of Occupational and theories, 39-45, 50, 51 Environmental Health, 678 view of Daubert, 52-54 Society of Toxicology (SOT) , 678 Science, State, Justice, Commerce, and Soil contaminants, 507, 510 n.15, 517, Related Agencies Appropriations 524 n.49, 531, 532, 536 n.78, 537, Act, 64 667, 669 n.95 Scientific method Soil evidence, 57, 62 n.32, 669 n.95 criteria for judging, 53 (see also St. Read the entire page →
From page 1006... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence alternative hypotheses, 205, 254 n.106, confounding variables, 219, 220, 221, 255 n.110, 257, 276, 278, 283, 297, 222, 240, 257 n.115, 262-264, 299, 300, 319-321, 353, 582 265, 266, 285, 286, 288, 289, anecdotal evidence, 217, 218, 220, 310 298-299 applied statistics, 214, 229, 328 convenience sample, 224-225, 248, appraisal approaches, 242-244, 248- 285, 287 249, 278 correlation coefficients, 213, 227, 228, artifacts from multiple testing, 256 260, 261-264, 265, 266, 286, 290, associations between variables, 213, 301, 333 217-218, 219, 221-222, 230, 233- Daubert and, 214, 217 n.14, 227 n.37 235, 252 n.103, 253, 254, 260- dependent variables (outcome variable, 263, 264, 265 n.129, 266, 285, response variable) , 219, 264, 268, 286, 291, 295, 298, 312, 321, 352, 270, 274, 285, 286, 287, 288, 290, 356 294, 295 averages, 219, 226 n.35, 238 n.70, 241, design of research, 213, 214, 216-230, 242-243, 244-245, 246, 248 n.95, 231, 240, 243, 246, 279, 301, 308 264, 265 n.129, 266, 269, 278-279, 309, 310, 311-317 284, 287, 289, 294, 298, 300 disclosure of methods and base of a percentage, 233 nonsupporting analyses, 216 Bayesian approach (subjectivist) Read the entire page →
From page 1007... ... Index false negatives, 116, 162, 232, 254 linear regression, 260 n.124, 264, 298, n.106, 259 n.122, 301, 577 n.81, 316, 317 n.36, 336-339, 347, 353, 581-582, 620, 708, 711, 724, 780, 354 782-783, 788 mean, 213, 230, 238, 239, 240, 247 false positives, 161-162, 170-171, 232, n.92, 269, 278, 279, 284, 286, 289, 251 n.100, 254 n.106, 575-581, 290, 291, 293, 296, 297, 298, 332, 589, 619, 627, 708, 710-711, 713, 341, 342, 343, 350, 351, 354, 356 714, 717-718, 720, 724, 725, 735, median, 213, 230, 238, 239, 240 n.82, 780-781, 782-783, 788 289, 292, 492 frequentist approach (objectivist) , 187, misleading data, 220, 230, 231, 247 189, 190, 241-242, 247, 252, 254 n.92, 265, 349 n.106, 258, 259, 273, 275, 287, missing data, 223-224, 229, 332 611 n.188 mode, 238, 289 gender discrimination, 233, 234-235, models and model development, 241, 257 n.115, 270-271, 272, 279-282 253-257, 268-272, 279-281 generalization of results, 222-223, 301 multiple hypothesis tests, 256-257 graphs, 213, 230, 236-237, 240 n.82, Nixon papers valuation, 242-246, 247, 260-261, 272 n.144, 276, 294, 296 248-249, 278-279 histograms, 236-237, 276-279, 283, nonresponse bias, 225, 226, 249, 290, 284, 288 332 hypothesis (significance) Read the entire page →
From page 1008... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence parameters, 241, 247, 248, 254 n.106, p-values, 213, 230, 240 n.83, 241, 249 255, 269-270, 271, 275, 280, 281- 256, 257, 258, 271 n.138, 281, 287, 282, 283, 284, 287, 291, 292, 293, 288, 289, 290, 291-292, 296-297, 295, 298, 299, 300, 312, 314 n.32, 299, 300, 320-321, 324 n.54, 347, 315, 316-317, 320, 324, 325, 326, 350-351, 354, 356, 575 n.74, 576, 327, 332, 336, 337, 338, 340-341, 577 n.81, 578-579, 626, 628, 724 342, 343, 344, 347, 348 n.91, 352, qualifications of statistical experts, 353, 354, 355, 356 215-216, 275 percentages, 88-89, 213, 224 n.31, quotas, 225, 361 n.4 230-232, 233-234, 247, 248 n.93, random (sampling) error, 240, 241, 249 n.96, 257, 267-268, 284, 293, 243, 244, 246, 248, 249 n.96, 252, 318 n.40, 320, 341, 345, 355, 381, 256, 257, 258, 269, 271, 280, 282, 382-383, 499, 626, 781, 787 287, 293, 295, 296, 314 n.30, 336, percentiles, 2, 239, 288, 289, 292, 337, 339, 342 n.79, 355, 388, 556 293, 525 n.19, 572 n.67, 573, 574-582, 585 population, 217, 221 n.23, 223-225, n.106, 589, 612-613, 621, 623, 226-227, 241-250, 275-277, 278- 624, 626, 627, 628 279, 292, 295, 296, 298, 299, 300, random sample/sampling, 164-165 301 nn.75 & 76, 178, 225-226 & posterior probabilities, 172, 173-174, nn.32-35, 230, 241, 242, 247, 248, 241-242, 258-259, 274, 275, 283, 249, 250, 275, 276, 277, 278, 283, 710, 742 284, 288, 290, 296, 297, 299, 332, power of statistical tests, 174, 181 363 n.12, 380-382, 383, 385-386, n.136, 253-254, 255, 276-277, 283, 412, 420, 421 292, 296, 579 n.88, 581-582, 607, random-start systematic sample, 299 626, 644, 645, 724, 730, 805 n.65, random variables, 288, 289, 293-294, 848 295, 355, 356 practical significance of results, 252, randomized controlled studies, 218, 292, 318-321, 355 220, 221, 222, 230, 241, 248, 285, presentation and analysis of data, 294, 301, 398, 555, 556, 580 n.89, 230-240 592, 607, 621, 648 n.42, 658, 716, prior probability, 173, 174, 241-242, 718, 722-723, 724, 725, 729, 730 258, 259, 274, 275, 282, 283, 710, 731, 732, 736 711, 744 randomness, generally, 222, 230, 240 probability sampling, 184, 226, 230, n.83, 285, 290, 555, 626 238 n.71, 241, 246, 248, 283, 293, ranges, 237, 239, 245, 247, 250, 253, 295, 299, 332, 355, 361, 362 n.8, 276, 284, 288, 292, 293, 294, 298, 380, 381, 382, 385, 398 n.175, 299, 300, 312 n.26, 333, 343, 345, 408, 416, 419, 420, 421 353 probability theory, 173, 214, 258 (see rates, 218, 220, 221, 226, 230-233, also Bayesian approach) Read the entire page →
From page 1009... ... Index regression lines, 213, 260, 264-268, standard error (SE) , 213, 230, 240 n.83, 294 241, 243-246, 248, 249, 251, 255, regression models/analysis, 213, 221 258, 276, 278, 279, 281-282, 284 n.21, 248 n.94, 256, 257 n.115, 285, 289, 290, 293, 294, 298, 300, 260-272, 279-282, 284, 285, 286, 316 n.35, 326, 340-344, 347, 348, 288, 289, 293, 294-295, 298 (see 349, 350, 354, 356 also Multiple regression) Read the entire page →
From page 1010... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence reliability and validity, 885-886 consumer preferences, 231-232, 365, scoring, 888-889 377, 382, 385-386, 396 n.166, training considerations, 887-888 416, 470 Summary judgment, 3, 14, 16, 18, 24 control groups, 394, 397-401, 421 n.64, 309 n.20, 315 n.33, 384 control questions, 368, 369, 394, 401 n.110, 547, 644 n.29, 669 n.95, convenience sampling, 224-225, 285, 673 n.105, 817 n.12 382, 383 n.104, 385, 398 n.175, Survey research 419, 420 acquiescence, 394, 400 coverage or noncoverage error, 362 admissibility under Daubert, 214, 226 n.8, 378, 407, 419, 420 n.36, 361, 363-369, 410 on expert acceptance of, 63 n.39, Atkins v. Virginia, 369-371 367-369 attorney independence, 374 data entry, 229, 363, 405, 412-413 audio computer-assisted self- Daubert and, 214 n.5 interviewing (ACASI) Read the entire page →
From page 1011... ... Index in-person (face-to-face) interviews, professional standards for survey 363, 382, 383 n.106, 385 n.112, researchers, 371, 389 n.131, 417 392, 396, 401, 402-403, 404, 405, public opinion, 369, 370-371, 403 419 n.195 instrument design and structure, purpose of survey, 373 387-409 qualifications of experts, 375-376, 381 internet surveys, 382 n.102, 401, 403, n.96 405, 406-408 questions, 368, 369, 373, 391-394, interviewer errors and bias, 402, 406- 395, 397-401, 419, 421 407, 411 random assignment, 398 n.175 interviewer training and qualifications, random error, 314 n.30, 336, 337, 376, 386, 388 n.129, 389, 394, 339, 342 n.79, 355, 388 395, 402-403, 409-410, 411 random sample/sampling, 332, 363 mall intercept surveys, 386, 398 n.175 n.12, 380-382, 383, 385-386, 412, mail surveys, 383 n.106, 384, 396, 420, 421 401, 402 n.193, 403, 405-406 random selection, 398 n.175, 408 marketing, 364 n.13, 373 n.63, 382 random-digit dialing, 404, 408 measurement error, 362 n.8, 401, 420, randomized controlled studies, 398 422 recency effect, 396, 420, 421 missing data, 229, 376, 385 relevance of survey, 362, 363, 367, mixed-mode design, 409 368, 370, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377 monitoring administration, 411-412 378, 379, 380-383, 386, 407, 413 nonprobability sampling, 361, 382, report content, 362, 364 n.13, 371, 383 n.104, 420 372, 373, 376 n.75, 377, 386, 401 nonresponse bias, 225, 226, 249, 290, n.186, 405, 413 n.228, 415-417 332, 362 n.8, 383-385, 407, 408, representativeness of respondents, 226, 416 362, 367, 370, 379, 380-383, 384, objectivity in administration, 410-411 405, 406, 407, 409, 417 objectivity of, 362, 374, 387, 393 response grouping, 413, 416 open-ended questions, 391-394, 406, response rates, 226, 362, 367-368, 413, 420 383, 384-385, 390, 405-406, 407, order of questions, 395-396, 402, 403, 408, 409, 416 406-407, 408-409 n.217, 411, 420 sample surveys, 223, 361-363, 365 pilot tests, 388, 389, 416-417 n.18, 381, 382 population definition and sampling, sampling error, 362 n.8, 380-381, 382, 223-225, 361, 362 n.8, 380, 381, 398, 416, 419, 421 382, 383 n.104, 385, 398 n.175, sampling frame (or universe) Read the entire page →
From page 1012... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence stratified sampling, 225, 299, 380, Toxic tort cases, 19, 21, 25-26, 31 n.91, 381-382, 421 213, 223, 238, 505, 512, 551 n.2, surveyor-respondent privilege, 417 635, 636, 637, 638, 639, 645, 649, systematic sampling, 380 n.93 663, 665, 667 n.91, 669 target population, 362, 367, 371, 376, Toxicology 377-378, 379, 382, 383, 384, 385, absorption, 636, 640, 646-647, 661, 386, 406, 407, 409, 415, 419, 420, 662-663, 666-667, 680, 682 421 acute toxicity, 641, 668, 671, 680 telephone surveys, 363, 371, 384, 396, acute toxicity testing, 641 401, 402, 403-405, 407, 408, 410, additive effects, 673, 680 411, 412, 419 agents of concern, 652, 653-654 validation of interviews, 412 animal research, 510, 563-565, 603 weight, evidentiary, 362-363, 368, n.160, 625, 636, 637, 639, 640 377-378, 379 n.89, 396 n.166, 647, 648, 654, 655, 656, 658, 659, 399, 408, 413-414, 415 660, 661-662, 663, 664, 669-670, weights/weighting, statistical, 382, 673, 674, 675 n.111, 677, 680, 682 384, 408, 416 antagonism, 673, 680 benchmark dose, 642, 670 n.96, 680 bioassay, 644, 648, 664 n.83, 680 bioavailability of compounds, 545, 667 T biodistribution of toxic agents, 636, 640, 646-647, 661, 662, 667-668, Tarrance Group, 371 681 Technical Working Group on DNA biological monitoring, 639, 649 n.47, Identification Methods 657, 667, 680 (TWGDAM) , 61-62 n.29, 154 n.46 biological plausiblility of associations, Thalidomide, 562-563, 653 644 n.29, 661, 664-665, 680 Thematic Apperception Test, 886 blood analysis, 508, 509, 518-519, Theory, law vs. Read the entire page →
From page 1013... ... Index clinical ecologists, 677 n.115, 680-681 exposure evidence, 636, 637-638, clinical studies, 510, 640, 648 n.42, 640, 641-642 n.26, 643 n.28, 644 656 n.64, 658, 659, 661 n.28, 645 n.31, 647 n.37, 658, 659, compounds, 640, 644, 648 n.42, 661- 660-670 664, 667-669, 672, 674, 681 and exposure science, 505, 506, 508, confounding factors, 657 n.67, 665, 509, 518, 519, 533, 535, 537, 538, 672-673, 681 540, 547 contact, 534 extrapolation from animals and cell Daubert and, 638 n.9, 643 n.28, 664 research to humans, 636, 641, 645, n.84, 669 n.94 646-647, 648, 651, 652, 658, 661 dermatotoxicology, 640, 641 n.24, 662, 664, 669-670 650 n.48, 653 extrapolation from short exposures to design of studies, 639-646 multiyear estimates, 648 differential diagnosis, 512 n.21, 672, general causation, 637 n.7, 638, 657 676 n.113, 681 n.87, 659, 660-665 direct-acting toxic agents, 636 n.2, good laboratory practice (GLP) , 647 668, 681 648, 682 DNA damage, 645, 654-655, 656, hazard identification, 637 n.7, 649, 663, 682 650 n.47, 651, 656 n.64, 682 dose, dosage, 525, 636-637, 638, 641, hydrogeologists, hydrologists, 682 642, 644-645, 646, 647, 648, 651, immunotoxicology, 640, 653, 677 657 n.67, 658-659, 660, 661, 664, n.115, 678 n.116, 680-681, 682 665, 667 n.91, 668, 670 n.96, 673 in vitro research, 639, 640, 645-646, n.107, 674, 677 n.115, 680, 681, 647, 648 n.42, 654, 658, 659, 664, 682, 684 674, 682, 683 dose-response curve, 646, 651, 673 in vivo research, 639, 640-645, 646, n.107, 681 647, 654, 664, 682, 683 dose-response relationships, 635, 639, indirect-acting chemicals, 668, 682 641, 642-643, 646, 649, 651, 658, inhalation toxicology, 640, 650 n.48, 663 n.82, 669, 670, 676, 680, 681 651, 656 n.65, 657 n.66, 662, 667, end points, 641, 642, 652, 653-654, 668, 670 n.97, 674, 678 n.116, 666 680, 682 epidemiology and, 563-565, 603 Joiner and, 638 n.9, 661 n.77 n.160, 628, 636, 639, 644 n.29, laboratory tests, 671 n.102, 672 645-646 n.33, 647, 650-651, 655, latency period for disease, 512, 660 656, 657-660, 664-665, 674, 681 n.74, 668-669 epigenetics, 643 n.28, 681 legal contexts for, 635, 637-638 etiology, 670-671, 676 n.113, 682 lethal dose 50 (LD50) Read the entire page →
From page 1014... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence medical history and, 645 n.31, 670- susceptibility/sensitivity differences, 675, 676 n.113 527 n.61, 636, 641 n.25, 646 n.35, metabolism, 535-536, 668, 674 650 n.48, 661 n.77, 662-663, 666, molecular toxicology, 640, 645, 654- 674 655, 656, 663, 678 n.116, 682 symptoms of exposure, 637 n.5, 641 multiple chemical hypersensitivity, 677 642 n.26, 657 n.66, 662, 667 n.91, n.115, 680-682 669 n.94, 671-672 mutagens and mutagenesis, 642, 643 synergistic effect, 673, 683 n.28, 645, 654-655, 670, 683 systemic, 534-535 neurotoxicology, 640, 647 n.38, 663- target organ dose, 636, 646 664 n.82, 670 n.95, 678 n.116, target organ specificity, 651-656, 683 662-663 no observable effect level (NOEL) , temporal relationships, 636, 641 n.26, 641-642, 669-670 664, 665, 668-669 no threshold model, 642-643, teratogen and teratogenicity, 645 n.33, 669-670 684 one-hit theory, 642, 643, 651, 683 threshold, 641-642, 643, 647 n.37, pharmacokinetics, 646, 648, 674, 675, 650 n.49, 651, 657 n.66, 669-670, 683 683, 684 potentiation, 673, 683 tort litigation, 635, 636-637, 638, 639, premarket testing of drugs, 648 645, 649, 663, 665, 667 n.91, 669 qualifications of experts, 646 n.33, toxic agent defined, 684 660-661, 675-679 Trademark infringement, 224, 308 n.12, randomized controlled studies, 648 363 n.10, 366, 373, 376, 378, 379, n.42, 658 382 n.101, 387, 396 n.165, 397 regulatory context, 635, 636, 637, 638 398, 399-400, 401, 410, 413-414, nn.10 & 12, 639, 640, 642, 644- 421 645, 646, 647, 648 n.40, 649, 650- Transposition fallacy, 168, 169 n.91, 170 651, 654, 656 n.54, 657 n.67, 660, n.92, 173, 209, 250-251 n.100, 665-666, 669 n.95, 670 n.96, 678 258 n.119, 259 n.122 reproductive toxicology, 640, 653, Treatment of mental disorders (see also 662, 666 Medications for mental disorders) Read the entire page →
From page 1015... ... Index Troedel v. Wainwright, 127 Validity/validation Trop v. Read the entire page →
From page 1016... ... Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence Women's Health Initiative (WHI) , 716-717 Z World Health Organization (WHO) Read the entire page →

From page 969...

... Index A Frye test, 12, 53, 60, 63, 82, 102 n.292, 103 n.301, 111 n.344, 133 n.7, 166, Abuse-of-discretion standard, 14, 16, 17, 173 n.102, 186, 189, 195 n.183, 18, 19, 21, 25, 35-36, 100 n.279, 197, 367, 368, 806-807, 866, 867, 101 n.282, 104 n.303, 112 n.353, 949 226 n.36, 308 n.18, 563-564 n.44, interpreting Daubert, 19-22 565 n.48, 693, 827 n.73, 846 procedural issues, 30-36 n.179, 874 n.343, 947 n.83 qualifications of expert witness, 22-23 Academy of Toxicological Sciences relevancy standard, 13 (ATS) , 677 reliability standard, 13 Accreditation scientific foundation of studies, 23-25 engineering education, 931 standard of review, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, laboratories, 28, 62 n.30, 66, 68-69, 70 21, 25, 100 n.280, 101 n.283, 104 n.83, 99, 154, 156, 171 n.98, 538 n.304, 112 n.354, 226 n.36, 563 medical education, 695, 696, 697, 564 n.44, 565 n.48, 693, 827 n.73, 700, 701, 822, 823 n.49, 824, 873 846 n.179, 874 n.343, 947 n.83 Accreditation Board for Engineering and sufficiency conflated with, 20-21 Technology (ABET)