Adverse Effects of Vaccines Evidence and Causality (2012) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix A: Glossary
Appendix A: Glossary
Pages 635-648
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Appendix A Glossary Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) : An acute demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system in which focal demyelination is present throughout the brain and spinal cord.1 Afebrile convulsions: A convulsion that occurs in the absence of fever.2 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A fatal degenerative disease involving the corticobulbar, corticospinal, and spinal motor neurons, manifested by progressive weakness and wasting of muscles innervated by the affected neurons; fasciculations and cramps commonly occur.1 Anaphylaxis/anaphylactic shock: An immediate and severe allergic reaction to a substance.3 Arthralgia: Pain in a joint.1 Arthritis: Inflammation of one or more joints, which results in pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited movement.2 Arthropathy: Any disease affecting a joint.1 Asthma: An inflammatory disorder of the airways, which causes attacks of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.2 635
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This produces, for each case, a matched set of exposure variables corresponding to the event and control periods, which may be analyzed as in a case-control study.6 Case-control study: The observational epidemiologic study of persons with the disease (or another outcome variable) of interest and a suitable control group of persons without the disease (comparison group, reference group)
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, and chronic course; symmetric weakness is a predominant symptom, often involving proximal leg muscles, accompanied by paresthesias, but not pain; CSF examination shows elevated protein, whereas electrodiagnostic studies reveal evidence of a demyelinating process, primarily conduction slowing rather than block; sometimes responds to prednisone.1 Chronic urticaria: A form of urticaria in which the wheals recur frequently, or persist.1 Cohort study: The analytic epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the occurrence of a given disease or other outcomes. The main feature of cohort study is observation of large numbers
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.4 Deltoid bursitis (frozen shoulder) : A condition in which joint motion becomes restricted because of inflammatory thickening of the capsule; a common cause of shoulder stiffness.1 Demyelination: Loss of myelin with preservation of the axons or fiber tracts.1 Diphtheria: A specific infectious disease due to the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae and its highly potent toxin; marked by severe inflammation that can form a membranous coating, with formation of a thick fibrinous exudate, of the mucous membrane of the pharynx, the nose, and
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Examples include encephalitis, meningitis, seizures, and head trauma.5 Erythema nodosum: A panniculitis marked by the sudden formation of painful nodes on the extensor surfaces of the lower extremities, with lesions that are self-limiting but tend to recur; associated with arthralgia and fever; may be the result of drug sensitivity or associated with sarcoidosis and various infections.1 Febrile convulsions: A brief seizure, lasting less than 15 minutes, seen in a neurologically normal infant or young child, associated with fever.1 Fibromyaligia: A chronic disorder characterized by widespread pain, tenderness, and stiffness of muscles and associated connective tissue structures that is typically accompanied by fatigue, headache, and sleep disturbances.3 Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) : An acute, immune-mediated disorder of peripheral nerves, spinal roots, and cranial nerves, commonly presenting as a rapidly progressive, areflexive, relatively symmetric ascending weakness of the limb, truncal, respiratory, pharyngeal, and facial musculature, with variable sensory and autonomic dysfunction; typically reaches its nadir within 2–3 weeks, followed initially by a plateau period of similar duration, and then subsequently by gradual but complete recovery in most cases.1 Hearing loss: A reduction in the ability to perceive sound; may range from slight inability to complete deafness.1 Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, due usually to viral infection but sometimes to toxic agents.1
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: An icosahedral DNA virus, 55 nm in diameter, of the genus Papillomavirus, family Papovaviridae; certain types cause cutaneous and genital warts; other types are associated with severe cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and anogenital and laryngeal carcinomas.1 Hypercoagulable states: C haracterized by abnormally increased coagulation.1 Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) : A systemic illness characterized by extensive ecchymoses and hemorrhages from mucous membranes and very low platelet counts; resulting from platelet destruction by macrophages due to an antiplatelet factor; childhood cases are usually brief and rarely present with intracranial hemorrhages, but adult cases are often recurrent and have a higher incidence of grave bleeding, especially intracranial.
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disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin to properly control blood sugar levels, also known as type 1 diabetes.2 Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Chronic arthritis beginning in childhood, most cases of which are pauciarticular, i.e., affecting few joints.1 Measles: An acute exanthematous disease, caused by measles virus (genus Morbillivirus) , a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, and marked by fever and other constitutional disturbances, a catarrhal inflammation of the respiratory mucous membranes, and a generalized dusky red maculopapular eruption; the eruption occurs early on the buccal mucous membrane in the form of Koplik spots, a manifestation useful in early diagnosis; average incubation period is from 10–12 days.1 Measles inclusion body encephalitis: A rare chronic, progressive encephalitis that affects primarily children and young adults, caused by the measles virus.
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at risk of developing the outcome of interest at the time of occurrence of each case that arises in the cohort.4 Neuritis: Inflammation of a nerve.1 Neuromyelitis optica: A demyelinating disorder consisting of a transverse myelopathy and optic neuritis.1 Neuropathy: A disease involving the cranial nerves or the peripheral or autonomic nervous system.1 Oculorespiratory syndrome: A usually transient syndrome of bilateral red eyes and upper respiratory symptoms, including cough, wheezing, chest discomfort, sore throat, and occasionally facial edema, following influenza vaccination.1 Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome: A rare neurological disorder characterized by an unsteady, trembling gait, myoclonus (brief, shock-like muscle
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caused by laryngeal spasm.1 Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lung parenchyma characterized by consolidation of the affected part, the alveolar air spaces being filled with exudate, inflammatory cells, and fibrin.1 Polyarteritis nodosa: Segmental inflammation, with infiltration by eosinophils, and necrosis of medium-sized or small arteries, more common in males, with varied symptoms related to involvement of arteries in the kidneys, muscles, gastrointestinal tract, and heart.1 Psoriatic arthritis: The concurrence of psoriasis and polyarthritis, resembling rheumatoid arthritis but thought to be a specific disease entity, seronegative for rheumatoid factor and often involving the digits.1 Randomized controlled trial (RCT) : An epidemiologic experiment in which subjects in a population are randomly allocated into groups, usually called study and control groups, to receive or not receive an experimental preventive or therapeutic procedure, maneuver, or intervention.
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The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or other outcome or condition of interest, and their characteristics and past experiences are compared with those of unaffected persons.4 Rheumatoid arthritis: A generalized disease, occurring more often in women, which primarily affects connective tissue; arthritis is the dominant clinical manifestation, involving many joints, especially those of the hands and feet, accompanied by thickening of articular soft tissue, with extension of synovial tissue over articular cartilages, which become eroded; the course is variable but often is chronic and progressive, leading to deformities and disability.1 Rubella: An acute but mild exanthematous disease caused by rubella virus (Rubivirus family Togaviridae) , with enlargement of lymph nodes, but usually with little fever or constitutional reaction; a high incidence of birth defects in children results from maternal infection during the first trimester of fetal life (congenital rubella syndrome)
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A surveillance system includes functional capacity for data collection, analysis, and dissemination linked to public health programs.4 Syncope: Loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished cerebral blood flow.1 Systemic lupus erythematosus: An inflammatory connective tissue disease with variable features, frequently including fever, weakness and fatigability, joint pains or arthritis resembling rheumatoid arthritis, diffuse erythematous skin lesions on the face, neck, or upper extremities, with liquefaction degeneration of the basal layer and epidermal atrophy, lymphadenopathy, pleurisy or pericarditis, glomerular lesions, anemia, hyperglobulinemia, and a positive LE cell test result, with serum antibodies to nuclear protein and sometimes to double-stranded DNA and other substances.1 Tetanus: A disease marked by painful tonic muscular contractions, caused by the neurotropic toxin (tetanospasmin) of Clostridium tetani acting on the central nervous system.1 Thrombocytopenia: A condition in which an abnormally small number of platelets is present in the circulating blood.1 Thromboembolic events: An occurrence that induces thromboembolism.2 Thromboembolism: Condition in which a blood clot forms in a vein that is deep inside the body; also known as deep venous thrombosis.2
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The VSD project allows for planned vaccine safety studies as well as timely investigations of hypothesis.5 Varicella: An acute contagious disease, usually occurring in children, caused by the varicella zoster virus genus, Varicellovirus, a member of the family Herpesviridae, and marked by a sparse eruption of papules, which become vesicles and then pustules, like that of smallpox although less severe and varying in stages, usually with mild constitutional symptoms; incubation period is about 14–17 days.1 Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel (arteritis, phlebitis) or lymphatic vessel (lymphangitis)
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: A.D.A.M., Inc.; © 2010, and the specific term can be obtained on the following website: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/s/diseases_and_conditions. 3This definition was obtained by searching the term in the Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary, a source used by National Institutes of Health's Medline Plus website, which is produced by the National Library of Medicine.
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