A Framework for K-12 Science Education Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas (2012) / Chapter Skim
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7 Dimension 3: Disciplinary Core Ideas - Earth and Space Sciences
7 Dimension 3: Disciplinary Core Ideas - Earth and Space Sciences
Pages 169-200
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From page 169... ...
The life sciences likewise are partially rooted in earth science, as Earth remains the only example of a biologically active planet, and the fossils found in the geological record of rocks are of interest to both life scientists and earth scientists. As a result, the majority of research in ESS is interdisciplinary in nature and falls under the categories of astrophysics, geophysics, geochemistry, and geobiology.
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From page 170... ...
, Ocean Literacy: The Essential Principles of Ocean Science K-12 [2] , Atmospheric Science Literacy: ❚ Vast amounts of new data, especially from satellites, together with modern computational models, are revealing the complexity of the interacting systems that control Earth's ever-changing surface.
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From page 171... ...
BOX 7-1 CORE AND COMPONENT IDEAS IN EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCES Core Idea ESS1: Earth's Place in the Universe ESS1.A: The Universe and Its Stars ESS1.B: Earth and the Solar System ESS1.C: The History of Planet Earth Core Idea ESS2: Earth's Systems ESS2.A: Earth Materials and Systems ESS2.B: Plate Tectonics and Large-Scale System Interactions ESS2.C: The Roles of Water in Earth's Surface Processes ESS2.D: Weather and Climate ESS2.E: Biogeology Core Idea ESS3: Earth and Human Activity ESS3.A: Natural Resources ESS3.B: Natural Hazards ESS3.C: Human Impacts on Earth Systems ESS3.D: Global Climate Change 171 Dimension 3: Disciplinary Core Ideas -- Earth and Space Sciences
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From page 172... ...
It may seem as if natural hazards, such as earthquakes and hur ricanes, have been more active in recent years, but this is primarily because the growing population of cities has heightened their impacts. The rapidly rising number of humans on the planet -- doubling in number roughly every 40 years -- combined with increased global industrialization, has also stressed limited plan A Framework for K-12 Science Education 172
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Heavier elements are produced when certain massive stars achieve a supernova stage and explode. 173 Dimension 3: Disciplinary Core Ideas -- Earth and Space Sciences
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A Framework for K-12 Science Education 174
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175 Dimension 3: Disciplinary Core Ideas -- Earth and Space Sciences
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These phenomena cause cycles of ice ages and other gradual climate changes. A Framework for K-12 Science Education 176
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Records of fossils and other rocks also show past periods of massive extinctions and extensive volcanic activity. Although active geological processes, such as plate tectonics (link to ESS2.B)
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From page 178... ...
The geological time scale interpreted from rock strata provides a way to organize Earth's history. Major historical events include the formation of mountain chains and ocean basins, the evolution and extinction of particular living organisms, volcanic eruptions, periods of massive glaciation, and development of watersheds and rivers through glaciation and water erosion.
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From page 179... ...
The hydro sphere is the ice, water vapor, and liquid water in the atmosphere, ocean, lakes, streams, soils, and groundwater. The presence of living organisms of any type defines the biosphere; life can be found in many parts of the geosphere, hydro sphere, and atmosphere.
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From page 180... ...
Earth's systems are dynamic; they interact over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales and continually react to changing influences, including human activities. Components of Earth's systems may appear stable, change slowly over long periods of time, or change abruptly, with significant consequences for living organisms.
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From page 181... ...
. Motions of the mantle and its plates occur primarily through thermal convection, which involves the cycling of matter due to the outward flow of energy from Earth's interior and the gravitational movement of denser materi 181 Dimension 3: Disciplinary Core Ideas -- Earth and Space Sciences
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Most continental and ocean floor features are the result of geological activi ty and earthquakes along plate boundaries. The exact patterns depend on whether ❚ Plate tectonics is the unifying theory that explains the past and current movements of the rocks at Earth's surface and provides a coherent ❚ account of its geological history.
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From page 183... ...
Plate tectonics is the unifying theory that explains the past and current movements of the rocks at Earth's surface and provides a framework for understanding its geological history. Plate movements are responsible for most continental and ocean floor features and for the distribution of most rocks and minerals within Earth's crust.
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It carries soil and rocks from one place to another and determines the variety of life forms that can live in a particu lar location. A Framework for K-12 Science Education 184
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These properties include water's exceptional capacity to 185 Dimension 3: Disciplinary Core Ideas -- Earth and Space Sciences
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The ocean exerts a major influence on weather and climate. It absorbs and stores large amounts of energy from the sun and releases it very slowly; in that way, the ocean moderates and stabilizes global climates.
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Some climate changes in Earth's history were rapid shifts (caused by events, such as volcanic eruptions and meteoric impacts, that suddenly put a large amount of particulate matter into the atmosphere or by abrupt changes in ocean currents) ; other climate changes were gradual and longer term -- due, for example, to solar output varia tions, shifts in the tilt of Earth's axis, or atmo spheric change due to the rise of plants and other life forms that modified the atmosphere via photosynthesis.
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From page 188... ...
Geological evidence indicates that past climate changes were either sudden changes caused by alterations in the atmosphere; longer term changes (e.g., ice ages) due to variations in solar output, Earth's orbit, or the orientation of its axis; or even more gradual atmospheric changes due to plants and other organisms that captured carbon dioxide and released oxygen.
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From page 189... ...
Current models predict that, although future regional climate changes will be complex and varied, average global temperatures will continue to rise. The outcomes predicted by global climate models strongly depend on the amounts of human-generated greenhouse gases added to the atmosphere each year and by the ways in which these gases are absorbed by the ocean and the biosphere.
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Earth's surface processes affect and are affected by human activities. Humans depend on all of the planet's systems for a variety of resources, some of which A Framework for K-12 Science Education 190
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However, advances in related science and technology are reducing the 191 Dimension 3: Disciplinary Core Ideas -- Earth and Space Sciences
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Through observations and knowledge of historical events, people know where certain of these hazards -- such as earth quakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, severe weather, floods, and coastal erosion -- are likely to occur. Understanding these kinds of hazards helps us prepare for and respond to them.
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From page 193... ...
Natural hazards and other geological events have shaped the course of human history, sometimes significantly altering the size of human populations or driving human migrations. Natural hazards can be local, regional, or global in origin, and even local events can have distant impacts because of the interconnectedness of human societies and Earth's systems.
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These events have significantly altered the sizes of human populations and have driven human migrations. Natural hazards can be local, regional, or global in origin, and their risks increase as populations grow.
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In addition, the development of alternative energy sources can reduce the environmental impacts otherwise caused by the use of fossil fuels. The sustainability of human societies and of the biodiversity that supports them requires responsible management of natural resources not only to reduce existing adverse impacts but also to prevent such impacts to the extent possible.
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A Framework for K-12 Science Education 196
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These arise not only from uncertainties in the underlying science but also from uncertainties about behavioral, economic, and political factors that affect human activity and changes in activity in response to recognition of the problem. However, it is clear not only that human activities play a major role in climate change but also that impacts of climate change -- for example, increased frequency of severe storms due to ocean warming -- have begun to influence 197 Dimension 3: Disciplinary Core Ideas -- Earth and Space Sciences
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Thus science and engineering will be essen tial both to understanding the possible impacts of global climate change and to informing decisions about how to slow its rate and consequences -- for humanity as well as for the rest of the planet. A Framework for K-12 Science Education 198
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From page 199... ...
. Atmospheric Science Literacy: Essential Principles and Fundamental Concepts of Atmospheric Science.
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