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8 Dimension 3: Disciplinary Core Ideas - Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science
Pages 201-214

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From page 201...
... Chapter 3 describes how an understanding of engineering practices can develop as they are used in the classroom to help students acquire and apply science knowledge. There is also a domain of knowledge related to these practices, and it constitutes the framework's first ETS core idea -- ETS1: Engineering Design.
From page 202...
... Societal decisions, which may be shaped by a variety of economic, political, and cultural factors, establish goals and priorities for technologies' improvement or replacement. Such decisions also set limits -- in controlling the extraction of raw materials, for example, or in setting allowable emissions of pollution from mining, farming, and industry.
From page 203...
... Their appreciation of the interface of science, engineering, and society should give them deeper insights into local, national, and global issues. BOX 8-2 CORE AND COMPONENT IDEAS IN ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY, AND APPLICATIONS OF SCIENCE Core Idea ETS1: Engineering Design ETS1.A: Defining and Delimiting an Engineering Problem ETS1.B: Developing Possible Solutions ETS1.C: Optimizing the Design Solution Core Idea ETS2: Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society ETS2.A: Interdependence of Science, Engineering, and Technology ETS2.B: Influence of Engineering, Technology, and Science on Society and the Natural World 203 Dimension 3: Disciplinary Core Ideas -- Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science
From page 204...
... But the report also made it clear that engineering concepts and skills are already embedded in existing standards for science and technology education, at both the state and national levels -- and the report recommended that this practice continue. In addition, it affirmed the value of teaching engineering ideas, particularly engineering design, to young students.
From page 205...
... Criteria and constraints also include satisfying any requirements set by society, such as taking issues of risk mitigation into account, and they should be quantified to the extent possible and stated in such a way that one can tell if a given design meets them. Humanity faces major global challenges today, such as the need for sup plies of clean water and food or for energy sources that minimize pollution, which can be addressed through engineering.
From page 206...
... Scale models and prototypes are particular types of physical models. Graphical models, such as sketches and drawings, permit engineers to easily share and discuss design ideas and to rapidly revise their thinking based on input from others.
From page 207...
... At whatever stage, communicating with peers about proposed solutions is an important part of the design process, and shared ideas can lead to improved designs. There are many types of models, ranging from simple physical models to computer models.
From page 208...
... Both physical models and computers can be used in various ways to aid in the engineering design process. Physical models, or prototypes, are helpful in test ing product ideas or the properties of different materials.
From page 209...
... Comparing different designs could involve running them through the same kinds of tests and systematically recording the results to determine which design performs best. Although one design may not perform the best across all tests, identifying the characteristics of the design that performed the best in each test can provide useful information for the redesign process -- that is, some of those characteristics may be 209 Dimension 3: Disciplinary Core Ideas -- Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science
From page 210...
... When evaluating solu tions, all relevant considerations, including cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetic, social, cultural, and environmental impacts, should be included. Testing should lead to design improvements through an iterative process, and computer simula tions are one useful way of running such tests.
From page 211...
... Engineering advances have led to important discoveries in virtually every field of science, and scientific discoveries have led to the develop ment of entire industries and engineered systems. In order to design better tech nologies, new science may need to be explored (e.g., materials research prompted by desire for better batteries or solar cells, biological questions raised by medical problems)
From page 212...
... Mathematical modeling, for example, can help provide insight into the consequences of actions beyond the scale of place, time, or system complexity that individual human judgments can readily encompass, thereby informing both personal and societal decision making. ❚ Human populations and longevity have increased, as advances in science and engineering have influenced the ways in which people interact ❚ with one another and with their surrounding natural environment.
From page 213...
... These decisions sometimes establish goals and priorities for improving or replacing technologies; at other times they set limits, such as in regulating the extraction of raw materials or in setting allowable levels of pollu tion from mining, farming, and industry. Grade Band Endpoints for ETS2.B By the end of grade 2.
From page 214...
... Engineers continuously modify these technological systems by applying scientific knowledge and engineering design practices to increase benefits while decreasing costs and risks. Widespread adoption of technological innovations often depends on market forces or other societal demands, but it may also be subject to evaluation by scientists and engi neers and to eventual government regulation.


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