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From page 369... ... , 16, 17, 18, 23, 83, 98, 141, 301, 303, 331 peer review, 78 American Association of Physics Teachers, 342, 344 purpose and importance, 27, 44, 46, 49, 52, 71-72, 79, American Astronomical Society Astronomy Education 89, 248, 300 Board, 344 in science, 27, 44, 46, 48, 49, 52, 71, 78, 89 American Chemical Society, 342, 344 Asking questions and defining problems American Geological Institute, 344 and arguing from evidence, 55, 56, 74 American Geophysical Union, 344 about cause-and-effect mechanisms, 50, 89 American Indians, 281, 289-290 and communicating information, 54, 75, 76 American Institute of Physics, 342, 344 goals, 55 American Physical Society, 342, 344 grade band endpoints, 205 American Society of Plant Biologists, 344 pattern recognition and, 55, 84, 85, 86, 236 America's Lab Report, 23, 242 science vs. engineering, 50, 54-55, 205 Anaerobic life, 148, 154, 222, 223 Assessment, 260-265 Anthropology, 13, 14, 287 and accountability, 323-324 Argumentation and analysis, 3, 16, 42 in argumentation and analysis, 262 allowing time for, 11 in communicating information, 262 asking questions and, 55, 56, 74 computer-based, 262-263 assessment of ability in, 262 contexts for, 262-264 cause-and-effect mechanisms, 89 defined, 260 communicating information and, 74-75, 77, 278 designing, 263-264 and constructing explanations, 68, 73, 251 equity and diversity issues, 289-290 culturally based storytelling and, 29, 285-286, 287 369 Read the entire page →
From page 370... ... scale of, 100 Climate Literacy Network, 344 scientific evidence of, 161, 162-163 College Board, 13, 16, 17, 23, 30, 96, 141, 218, 230, 303 speciation, 154, 155, 161, 165, 166, 167 Common Core State Standards, 19, 75, 297, 306, 339 Biological systems, 107, 140, 143, 144-145, 147, 148 Communicating information, 42, 49, 278 Biotechnology Institute, 344 arguments from evidence, 74-75, 77, 278 A Framework for K-12 Science Education 370 Read the entire page →
From page 371... ... Data analysis and interpretation Conservation of matter and energy, 84, 86, 94-96, 106, communicating findings, 63 108, 109, 110-111, 112, 120-121, 123, 124-126, constructing explanations, 68 128, 148, 153, 154, 175, 222, 223, 226, 228, 230, engineering design, 51, 53, 62 233-234, 236, 238 goals, 62-63 Constructing explanations learning progressions, 63 and argument from evidence, 68, 73, 251 mathematical representation, 65-66, 91 cause-and-effect mechanisms, 67, 69-70, 86 organizing data, 61, 62 data analysis and interpretation, 68 pattern recognition and, 51, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 94, 131, goals, 69 197 hypothesis formulation and testing, 43, 44, 45, 59, 60, science, 61 61, 62, 67, 76, 78, 79, 84, 87, 139 tools, 62 learning progressions, 69-70 Databases and data sets, 62, 66 modeling theories, 67, 68, 70, 79 Designing solutions, 49 (see also Engineering design) Content knowledge, practices integrated with, 11, 78 Development of framework (see also Public feedback on Context for improving science education, 1, 7 report; Vision for K-12 science and engineering Convection, 123, 124, 126, 179, 181, 182, 237 education) Read the entire page →
From page 372... ... Disciplinary core ideas (see also Earth and space sciences; atmosphere, 54, 57, 64, 95, 100, 103, 110, 148, 153, Engineering and technology; Life sciences; Physical 154, 169, 179, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, sciences 189-190, 191, 192, 194, 197-198, 223 criteria for, 31 biogeology, 189-190 crosscutting concepts, 31 biosphere, 139, 150, 153, 154, 169, 179, 180, 181, development, 17, 31 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, 196, 197-198 domains, 31 carbon cycle, 110, 153, 154, 180, 189-190, 198, 223 grade band endpoints, 33-34 cause-and-effect mechanisms, 179-180, 181, 185, 187, 190 information resources, 348-354 geosphere, 139, 153, 154, 169, 179, 180, 181, 189 learning progressions, 26, 33-34 grade band endpoints, 180-182, 183, 184-186, 188-189, public feedback on, 341-343 190 rationale for delimiting, 11, 25, 30-31, 32-33 hydrosphere, 169, 179, 181, 189, 190 structure, 31-32 interconnections and feedbacks, 169-170, 181 and understanding of science, 25 materials and systems, 179-182 Disease transmission, prevention, and treatment, 9, 43, 47, matter and energy flows, 169, 179-180, 182 67, 87, 151, 152, 202 patterns in, 182-183, 185 DNA, 85, 87, 144, 145, 148, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, plate tectonics and large-scale interactions, 97, 177, 163, 223 178-179, 180, 181, 182-183 Dynamic equilibrium, 98, 99-100 scale of interactions, 181 stability and change in, 180 water and surface processes, 179, 180, 181, 184-186 E Earthquakes, 132, 172, 178, 182-183, 192, 193, 194 Economic sciences, 10, 13-14, 62, 128, 130, 191, 192, Earth and human activity 193, 197, 202, 205, 212, 213, 299, 306 cause-and-effect mechanisms, 167, 187, 192 Ecosystems global climate change, 187, 196-198 carrying capacities, 151, 152, 154 grade band endpoints, 192, 193-194, 195-196, 198 cause-and effect mechanisms, 86, 89, 93, 167 human impacts on earth systems, 156-157, 167, cultural knowledge of, 307 194-196 data representation, 86 natural hazards, 170, 172, 191, 192-194 defined, 150 natural resource use, 161, 170, 191-192, 195, 196, 197, dynamics, functioning, and resilience, 100, 140, 141, 212, 213 154-156 patterns in, 191-192, 193, 195 A Framework for K-12 Science Education 372 Read the entire page →
From page 373... ... creative process, 46-47, 49, 52, 68-69, 70-71, 206-208 binding energy in molecules, 109, 110, 111, 112, data analysis and interpretation, 51, 53, 62, 207 239-240 defining and delimiting problems, 50, 54-56, 204-206 cause-and-effect mechanisms, 125-126, 237 grade band endpoints, 205-206, 207-208, 209-210 chemical energy, 111, 122, 123, 148, 223 investigations, 50, 59-61 in chemical processes and everyday life, 128-130 learning progressions, 56, 70-71, 93 conservation of, 110, 120-121, 123, 124-126, 128, 148, mathematics and computational thinking, 51, 65 153, 154, 175, 223, 238 matter and energy flows and, 95 crosscutting concepts, 84 models and simulations, 45-46, 50, 51, 57-58, 62, 65, definitions of, 120-124 77, 93, 94, 206-207, 208, 210, 212 electric and magnetic fields, 64, 109, 121, 122, 133, optimizing solutions, 208-210 135, 239 and pattern recognition, 51, 70, 86 electrical energy, 123, 125, 128 practices, 45-47, 49, 52, 58, 65, 68-69, 70-71 and forces, 126-127 scale in, 89, 90-91, 206 grade band endpoints, 122-124, 125-126, 127, 129-130 systems and system models, 12, 30, 46, 50, 57, 86, 88, kinetic (motion) energy, 110, 111, 121, 122, 123, 124, 94, 98-99, 128-129, 130, 133, 202, 204, 205, 206, 126 208, 214 mechanical energy, 122-123 Engineering–technology–science links, 32, 203 modeling and mathematical expressions, 123-124, 126 grade band endpoints, 211-212, 213-214 patterns, 121 influences on society and natural world, 212-214 photosynthesis, 104, 128, 129, 130, 146, 147, 148, 153, interdependence, 210-212 154, 180, 187, 189, 223 Epistemic knowledge and practices, 78, 79, 250 "producing" or "using" in everyday life, 128-130 Equity in education, 28-29 (see also Cultural issues) Read the entire page →
From page 374... ... 65, 66, 74, 76, 77, 91, 93, 206 Extinction of species, 154, 155, 161, 162, 165, 166, 167, Gravity/gravitational forces, 64, 88, 92, 100, 113, 116, 177, 178, 189, 190, 191, 194, 196 117-118, 121-122, 123, 126, 127, 169, 173, 175, 176, 179, 180, 181-182, 184, 185 F H Feedback mechanisms in systems, 98-99, 101, 119, 120, 145, 169-170, 181, 190 Hands-On Science Partnership, 344 Food webs, 147, 151-152, 153, 154 Heat, 123, 125 Forces and motion Heat transfer, 128 cause-and-effect mechanisms, 113, 114, 115-116, 127 conduction, 119, 123, 124, 126, 206, 235, 237 Coulomb's law, 117, 118 convection, 123, 124, 126, 179, 181, 182, 237 electromagnetism, 88, 109, 111, 113, 116, 117-118, models, 124 121, 123, 126, 127, 239 radiation, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 130, 174, 180, 186, energy transfers, 116, 120, 127 188 friction, 115, 116, 117, 122, 125, 128-129, 130 Helium, 55, 112, 113, 173 grade band endpoints, 115-116, 127 Heredity gravity/gravitational forces, 64, 88, 92, 100, 113, 116, artificial selection, 164 117-118, 121-122, 123, 126, 127, 169, 173, 175, cause-and-effect mechanisms, 145, 157-158, 160, 161 176, 179, 180, 181-182, 184, 185 chromosomes, 144, 146-147, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161 measurement, 114, 115 DNA, 85, 87, 144, 145, 148, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, models, 93, 116, 117, 118, 127 163, 223 momentum, 115, 116 genes, 88, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145, 147, 157, 158-159, Newton's laws, 114, 115, 116, 118, 175 160, 161, 164, 166 patterns in, 115, 116-117, 118, 119, 121, 127, 130, grade band endpoints, 158-159, 160-161 173, 174, 175, 178, 181, 185 inheritance of traits, 158-159 scale and, 114, 116-117, 118, 175 mutations, 140, 143, 157-158, 159, 160, 161, 165 strong nuclear force, 88, 111, 113, 116, 117, 118, 240 variation of traits, 160-161 and structure and function, 117 Human (anthropogenic) impacts, 141, 155, 156-157, 166, in systems and system models, 88, 94, 113, 115, 116, 167, 184, 195 119, 120, 127, 176 Hydrogen, 110, 111, 112, 113, 128, 148, 173, 223 weak nuclear force, 88, 111, 112, 113, 116, 117, 118 Hypothesis formulation and testing (science) Read the entire page →
From page 375... ... cause-and-effect mechanisms, 88-89, 223 building on prior interest and knowledge, 25, 26, 28, constructing explanations, 69-70 59, 60-61, 83-84, 286-287, 302, 338 data analysis and interpretation, 63 inclusive, 283-287 designing solutions, 70-71 strands of proficiency and, 253-255 for disciplinary core ideas, 33-34 on systems and system models, 94 engineering design, 56, 70-71, 93 Integrating dimensions evaluation and communication of information, 76-77 in curriculum and instruction, 2, 219, 230-240, 247, framework vision, 10-11 338-339 grade band endpoints, 33-34 grades K-2 endpoint and progression, 231-233 investigation planning and implementation, 60-61 grades 3-5 endpoint and progression, 233-236 mathematics and computational thinking, 66-67 grades 6-8 endpoint and progression, 236-238 model development and use, 58-59 grades 9-12 endpoint and progression, 239-240 pattern recognition, 60, 66, 70, 86-87, 88, 101, 233 life sciences example, 220-223 for practices, 34, 56, 58-59 performance expectations, 218-230 prior conceptions and, 25, 26 physical sciences example, 224-229, 230-240 public feedback on, 343-344 public feedback on, 338-339 research and development agenda, 315-316 in standards development, 2, 218 scale, proportion, or quantity, 36, 90-91, 233, 238, 239 International Technology and Engineering Education systems and system models, 93-94, 230, 233, 235 Association, 344 and understanding of science, 26 Investigations Learning Science in Informal Environments, 23, 252, 298 controls, 59, 61 Life sciences correlations, 61 cause-and-effect mechanisms, 140, 145, 157-158, 160, engineering design projects, 50, 59-61 161, 167 375 Index Read the entire page →
From page 376... ... 161, 223, 225, 227, 236-237, 238, 239-240, 303 Mass, 64, 90, 96, 107, 108, 109, 111, 114, 115, 116, 118, nuclear processes, 88, 96, 106, 111-113, 116, 117, 118, 121, 123, 126, 174, 180, 227, 233, 234, 236 128, 130, 134, 136, 173, 240 Massachusetts Department of Education, 344 pattern recognition, 86-87, 106, 109, 223, 227, 228, Mathematical representations, 56, 57, 65-66, 86, 91 230 Mathematics and computational thinking, 49 performance expectations example, 224-229 applications, 64-65 periodic table of elements, 106, 109, 227, 239 communicating information through, 64, 74, 206 stability and change, 109 data analysis and evaluation, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66 state changes, 70, 107, 108, 109, 110, 226, 227, 231, engineering, 51, 65 232, 235-236, 237, 238 goals, 65-66 structure and properties, 106-109, 224-240 learning progression, 66-67 in systems and system models, 84, 92, 93, 94-95, 96, modeling, 51, 65, 66-67, 90, 94, 114, 116, 118 106, 110, 119, 120-122, 123, 124-126, 128-129, and pattern recognition, 51, 64, 65, 66, 86, 94 147, 148, 150, 152-154, 169, 179, 223, 239 scale and, 91 terminology, 96 scientific investigation, 51, 64-65 water cycle, 95 statistics and statistical analysis, 14, 15, 51, 61, 63, 65, Maxwell's equations, 64 66, 91 Measurement and units, 90-91, 205, 231 systems and system models, 51, 57, 64-65, 67, 94, 126 Measurement error, 63 tools, 64-65 Mechanical energy, 122-123 Mathematization, 16 Milky Way galaxy, 174 Matter and energy (see also Energy) Minnesota Department of Education, 344 atoms and atomic theory, 34, 57, 64, 79, 86, 87-88, 89, Mitosis, 145, 146 92, 94, 96, 97-98, 100, 101, 103, 106-107, 108-109, Model-It, 59 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123, Modeling/models (see also Systems and system models) Read the entire page →
From page 377... ... 210 Technological Literacy Assessment, 263 conceptual, 56-57 National Association of Biology Teachers, 345 constructing explanations, 67, 68, 70, 79 National Association of Geoscience Teachers, 345 ecosystems, 93, 101, 153-154 National Association of Research in Science Teaching, 345 energy, 123-124, 126 National Council for the Social Studies, 13-14 National Curriculum Standards for Social Studies, 13 engineering applications, 45-46, 50, 51, 57-58, 62, 65, National Earth Science Teachers Association, 345 77, 93, 94, 206-207 National Governors Association, 19 evaluation and refinement, 57, 59, 62 National Middle Level Science Teachers Association, 345 forces and motion, 93, 116, 117, 118, 127 National Research Council (NRC) , 14, 23, 96, 242, 298, goals, 58 312 heat transfer, 124 National Science Education Leaders Association, 345 learning progressions, 58-59, 93-94 National Science Education Standards, 13, 16, 17, 23, 30, limitations, 56, 58 91-92, 103, 141, 242, 301, 332, 340 mathematics and, 51, 65, 66-67, 90, 94, 114, 118 National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) Read the entire page →
From page 378... ... , 49, 50, 54-56 in life sciences, 139, 152, 155 for classrooms, 49-77 mathematics and computational thinking and, 51, 64, collaboration, 27, 53 65, 66, 86, 94 communicating findings, 53, 56, 57, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, matter structure and properties, 106, 109, 223, 227, 74-77 228, 230 constructing scientific explanations, 49, 51, 67-68, natural resource use, 191-192 69-70 in physical sciences, 106, 109, 115, 116-117, 118, 119, content integrated with, 11, 25, 26-28, 43, 78-79 121, 127, 130, 131, 132-133, 223, 227, 228, 230, crosscutting concepts and, 42 239 data organization, analysis, and interpretation, 49, 51, representation of data and, 65, 66, 86, 133, 183 61-63, 65, 66, 68 scale and, 86-87 defined, 30 in science, 47-48, 51, 78, 84-85, 86 design development (engineering) , 45-47, 49, 52, 58, 65, and stability/instability, 98, 99, 101, 118, 120 68-69, 70-71 systems and system models, 182-183, 188, 195, 229 distinguishing science from engineering, 50-53, 62 Peer review, 71, 73, 74, 75, 78 evaluation-based approach, 46, 53, 74-77 Periodic table, 106, 109, 227, 239 goals, 55, 58, 60, 62-63, 65-66, 69, 72-73, 75-76 Photoelectric effect, 122 inquiry-based approach, 30, 41, 44-45, 63 A Framework for K-12 Science Education 378 Read the entire page →
From page 379... ... investigation planning and implementation, 45, 49, 50, life sciences, 342 55, 59-61 organizations involved in, 344-345 learning progressions, 26, 34, 56, 58-59, 60-61, 63, overarching issues, 332-340 66-67, 69-71, 73-74, 76-77 physical sciences, 342 mathematics and computational thinking, 49, 51, 61, purpose of document, 333 62, 63, 64-67 quality of writing, 333 public feedback on, 340-341 quantity of material, 338 rationale for, 41, 42-46 scientific and engineering practices, 340-341 references consulted for, 347-348 reflecting on, 78-79 Q research and development agenda, 316 "scientific method" myth, 44, 78 Quantities and quantitative relationships, 51, 65, 88, 89, spheres of activity, 44-46 90, 91, 98, 106, 107, 115, 124, 126 standards and, 10 Quantum physics, 64, 116, 122, 133, 135, 137 understanding how scientists work, 43-44 Pressure R and rock formation, 180 temperature and, 96-97, 107, 109, 112, 113, 180, 227, Radioactive decay, 87-88, 111, 112, 113, 117, 118, 125, 237 178, 182, 183, 186 waves, 131 Radiometric dating, 112, 113 Principles of the framework Reading science texts, 53, 74, 75, 76-77, 258-259 building on prior interests and experience, 28 Reasoning ability of young children, 24-25 capacity of children to learn, 24-25 Relativity, 64, 116 core ideas and practices, 25-26 Reproduction, 140, 144, 145-146, 147, 151, 152, 157, equity in education, 28-29 158, 159, 160, 161, 163-164, 165-166 knowledge and practice, 26-28 Research and development agenda learning progressions, 26 accountability, 323-324 Prior conceptions, 25 assessment, 314-315, 317-319, 323-324 Prisms, 135 core questions behind, 312-315 Procedural knowledge, 78-79 curricular and instructional materials, 316-317, 321 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) , educational experiences, 313-314 141, 262-263 implementation of framework, 212-220 Proportionality, 90, 91, 110, 121, 123, 166 key areas, 315-320 Psychology, 10, 13-14, 143, 212, 301, 334, 335, 336, 342 learning progressions, 315-316 Public feedback on report, 18 norms and practices, 314 audience, 333 organizational issues, 324 connections to math and literacy, 339-340 practices, scientific and engineering, 316 content suggestions, 334-336 preconceptions of student, 313 crosscutting concepts, 341 progression of student understanding, 313 disciplinary core ideas, 341-343 standards influence, 320-324 diversity and equity issues, 340 teacher and administrator development, 319-320, earth and space sciences, 342-343 322-323 engineering and technology, 336-338, 343 Rhode Island Department of Elementary and Secondary implementation, 340 Education, 345 integration of three dimensions, 338-339 learning progressions, 343-344 379 Index Read the entire page →
From page 380... ... homeostasis, 119, 143 defined, in K-12 context, 11 patterns in, 98, 99, 101, 118, 120 goals, 55, 69 progression, 100-101 nature of, 334, 336 scale and, 99, 100, 101, 114, 119 Science Anchors project, 23, 30 in systems, 84, 98-99, 100, 101, 113, 114, 118-120, Science College Board Standards for College Success, 13, 125, 126, 150, 152, 154-155, 169, 180, 239 17, 23, 30, 141 Standards (see also National Science Education Standards) Science education system alignment with other K-12 subjects, 306-307 coherence, 244-245 and assessment and accountability, 2, 218, 323-324 complexity, 243-245 boundary statements, 301-302 Science Framework for the 2009 National Assessment of and curriculum and instructional materials, 2, 218, 321 Educational Progress (NAEP) Read the entire page →
From page 381... ... Taking Science to School, 23, 24, 242, 250, 251, 253, 254, biological, 107, 140, 143, 144-145, 147, 148 298 cause-and-effect mechanisms, 87, 88, 89, 93, 103, 169- Teachers/teaching 170, 180, 181, 182-183, 188, 192, 195, 223, 229 framework impact on, 322-323 conservation of energy in, 120-121, 123, 124-126, 128 inservice development, 259-260 cycles, 96, 98 literacy in science and engineering, 256-259 definition of concept, 84, 91-92 preservice experiences, 257-259 dynamic equilibrium, 98, 99-100 professional development, 2, 255-260, 319-320, engineering design, 12, 30, 46, 50, 57, 86, 88, 94, 322-323 98-99, 128-129, 130, 133, 202, 204, 205, 206, 208, research and development agenda, 319-320 214 research base, 257 feedback mechanisms, 98-99, 101, 119, 120, 145, 169- state licensure requirements, 257 170, 181, 190 381 Index Read the entire page →
From page 382... ... , 141 modeling, 122, 132, 133, 135 Triangle Coalition, 345 patterns, 130, 131, 132, 132-133 photons, 112, 122, 135 (see also Light) properties, 131-133 U refraction, 132 University of Colorado at Boulder Biology Educators resonance, 131, 133 Group, 345 seismic, 132, 181 University of Washington, Seattle, 345 sound, 104, 121, 122, 131 and structure and function, 131, 133 in water, 132, 184 V wavelength, 125, 131-132, 134 Weak nuclear force, 88, 111, 112, 113, 116, 117, 118 Vermont Department of Education, 345 Weather and climate Vision for K-12 science and engineering education Earth systems interactions and, 179, 180, 186-189 core ideas, 2, 11 El Niño Southern Oscillation conditions, 197 goals, 8-10 feedback loops, 187 learning progressions, 10-11 A Framework for K-12 Science Education 382 Read the entire page →
From page 383... ... forecasting, 193 patterns in, 186, 187, 188, 197 global climate change, 43, 155, 156, 166, 175, 176, planetary motion and, 175, 176 184, 187, 188, 189, 191, 196-198, 306 volcanic eruptions and meteoric impacts and, 187 grade band endpoints, 188-189, 193, 198 Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, 345 greenhouse gases and, 186, 187, 188, 189-190, 197, 198 X models/modeling, 189, 197, 198 X-rays, 133, 136 383 Index Read the entire page →

From page 369...

... , 16, 17, 18, 23, 83, 98, 141, 301, 303, 331 peer review, 78 American Association of Physics Teachers, 342, 344 purpose and importance, 27, 44, 46, 49, 52, 71-72, 79, American Astronomical Society Astronomy Education 89, 248, 300 Board, 344 in science, 27, 44, 46, 48, 49, 52, 71, 78, 89 American Chemical Society, 342, 344 Asking questions and defining problems American Geological Institute, 344 and arguing from evidence, 55, 56, 74 American Geophysical Union, 344 about cause-and-effect mechanisms, 50, 89 American Indians, 281, 289-290 and communicating information, 54, 75, 76 American Institute of Physics, 342, 344 goals, 55 American Physical Society, 342, 344 grade band endpoints, 205 American Society of Plant Biologists, 344 pattern recognition and, 55, 84, 85, 86, 236 America's Lab Report, 23, 242 science vs. engineering, 50, 54-55, 205 Anaerobic life, 148, 154, 222, 223 Assessment, 260-265 Anthropology, 13, 14, 287 and accountability, 323-324 Argumentation and analysis, 3, 16, 42 in argumentation and analysis, 262 allowing time for, 11 in communicating information, 262 asking questions and, 55, 56, 74 computer-based, 262-263 assessment of ability in, 262 contexts for, 262-264 cause-and-effect mechanisms, 89 defined, 260 communicating information and, 74-75, 77, 278 designing, 263-264 and constructing explanations, 68, 73, 251 equity and diversity issues, 289-290 culturally based storytelling and, 29, 285-286, 287 369

Index Pages 369-384

Index
Pages 369-384