Grand Challenges in Earthquake Engineering Research A Community Workshop Report (2011) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix B: White Papers
Appendix B: White Papers
Pages 43-80
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From page 43... ...
Each discussed a key component all participants prior to the workshop, and they are published of earthquake engineering research -- community, lifelines, here in their original form. Final responsibility for their conbuildings, information technology, materials, and model- tent rests entirely with the individual author.
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From page 44... ...
. The first part of this definition encapsulates the vast majority of work that has been done under NEHRP and as Summary part of modern earthquake engineering research and practice: strengthening the built environment to withstand earthquakes This paper is prepared for the National Science with life-safety standards and codes for new buildings and Foundation–sponsored, and National Research Council–led, lifeline construction, developing methods and standards for Community Workshop to describe the Grand Challenges in retrofitting existing construction, and preparing government Earthquake Engineering Research, held March 14–15, 2011, institutions for disaster response.
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From page 45... ...
Our modern earthquake of modernization and maintenance before the recent fiscal experience, like most of our disaster experience in the United crisis. States, has largely been a suburban experience, and our engi- To achieve community resilience, now and in the foreneering and preparedness efforts of the past century have not seeable future, we must take a more holistic approach to our yet been fully tested by a truly catastrophic, urban earthquake.
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From page 46... ...
. To achieve earthquake resilience, we, National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act in 1997 and as earthquake engineering researchers and professionals, the formation of NEHRP thereafter (Birkland, 1997)
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From page 47... ...
emergency decision-making processes, institutional leadership and improvisational capacities, and post disaster financing and recovery management policies. Pre-Event Prediction and Planning To date, much of the pre-event research and practice Design of Infrastructure has focused on estimating the physical damage to individual structures and lifeline systems, creating inventories and sce- Achieving community resilience will require enhanced narios for damage and loss estimation, and preparing gov- efforts to upgrade the immense inventory of existing strucernment institutions for disaster response.
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From page 48... ...
the creation and maintenance of a repository for post • Making seismic risk reduction and resilience an earthquake reconnaissance data. integral part of many professional efforts to improve • Developing the next generation of post-disaster the built environment, and building new alliances damage assessments.
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From page 49... ...
. In addition, the author acknowledges holistic view of the disaster impacts and losses, the work of members of the San Francisco Planning and focusing on the economic and social elements as Urban Research Association's "Resilient City Initiative." The well as the built environment.
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From page 50... ...
Census Bureau.
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From page 51... ...
The resilience of lifeline systems has a direct impact risks for lifeline facilities presents a number of major chal on how quickly a community recovers from a disaster, as lenges, primarily because of the vast inventory of facilities, well as the resulting direct and indirect losses. their wide range in scale and spatial distribution, the fact that they are partially or completely buried and are there Challenges in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering fore strongly influenced by soil-structure interaction, their increasing interconnectedness, and their aging and deteriora The mitigation of earthquake hazards for lifeline tion.
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From page 52... ...
Lifeline systems are strongly affected by the peak ground deformation, which often comes from surface faulting, landslides, and soil Transformative Research in Lifeline Earthquake liquefaction. Development of approaches to quantitatively Engineering predict various ground motion parameters, including peak A new set of research tools is needed to adequately ad- ground displacement, will be important for understanding dress the critical challenges noted above, namely the vast the performance of lifeline systems.
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From page 53... ...
, research is of the lifeline components using the current generation needed in developing ways that these technologies can be ef- of NEES facilities (Johnson et al., 2008; O'Rouke, 2007; fectively used in acquiring inventory data, including physical Abdoun et al., 2009; Ivey et al., 2010; Shafieezadeh et al., attributes of different lifeline systems and at different scales.
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From page 54... ...
Research is needed to find ways to on community resilience focused on earthquake prediction, exploit recent advances in sensor technology and/or machine forecasting, and warning. This research led to the developimage technology for post-earthquake assessment of struc- ment of conceptual and empirical models of risk commutural integrity.
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From page 55... ...
Improved Fragility Relationships for Lifeline Component community resilience. and Systems 1.
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From page 56... ...
The ideas and opinions presented in this paper are hours of an earthquake event, considering the relationship those of the author, with considerable input from members between damage and functionality, and the expected inter of the lifeline earthquake engineering community. The author dependency between lifeline systems.
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From page 57... ...
2008. A place-based model for understanding community resilience to Earthquake Spectra 23(3)
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From page 58... ...
loss of function and recovery time. These performance metrics are intended to inform Past reports on research needs and grand challenges in earthquake risk management and mitigation decisions by earthquake engineering have described the importance of building owners, financial/insurance interests, public building building performance to control earthquake losses and life code officials, and other stakeholders.
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From page 59... ...
New Life-cycle analysis of economic and other performance high-fidelity analyses are desired whose model formulations metrics is an important tool for performance-based engineerrepresent the underlying mechanics and material behavior ing for earthquake risk management and decision making. more directly, such that the models can capture energy dis As with the prior topic (building performance assessment)
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From page 60... ...
Moreover, there is a general lack of well-documented further support efforts to quickly restore buildings to ser laboratory and/or field data to develop reliable models to vice, research should focus on (1) technologies to rapidly characterize soil-foundation-structure interaction and its assess earthquake damage and its effect on building safety to effect on input ground motions.
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From page 61... ...
Excessive ground deformations are a serious concern for Ideally, the benchmark metrics would go beyond collapse any structure and may result in abandonment of a building safety to incorporate complete building performance metrics site or expensive ground improvement to the site. Moreover, (e.g., information on safety and post-earthquake functionalas land becomes scarce in urban regions, there is increasing ity could be interpreted through one of the SPUR building demand to build structures on marginal sites with soft soils.
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From page 62... ...
The resulting computational models can then be As outlined above, an important innovation in the com validated against data from realistic (large-scale) component putational simulation of building performance is an emphasis tests.
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From page 63... ...
information to classify and model individual Such studies would promote close collaboration between buildings and building inventories in earthquake-affected researchers in high-performance computing, high-fidelity regions, and (iv) information on earthquake losses, impacts computational modeling, and earthquake risk assessment, on building function and operations, and recovery.
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From page 64... ...
2011. Grand challenges in lifeline earthquake engineering research.
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From page 65... ...
The roadmaps of manufacturers indicate that trends such pursuit of earthquake engineering grand challenges, it will as the increasing computational capacity of supercomputers be important to understand the current state and promising will continue for much of the decade and deliver factors of research directions in cyberinfrastructure. Although there are at least 100 to 1,000 times more performance than today.
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From page 66... ...
Fortunately, tools for automatically capturing descriptive information Empowering Individuals to Address Grand Challenges about data as well as its provenance (data history) and to Although it would be entertaining to continue to review allow subsequent human annotation are emerging.
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From page 67... ...
For grand challenges, critical in maintaining/increasing productivity. reducing the time-to-solution requires reducing the time Increasing amounts of data, whether from experiments required for problems to be understood, for new ideas to be or simulations, raise new challenges beyond those of acquisi implemented, for successful techniques to be reported and tion and storage.
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From page 68... ...
At the useful technologies, the pace of change creates "meta- level of grand challenges, where many independent organichallenges" to our traditional practices of development and zations must coordinate as peers, such designs are critical deployment. Fortunately, across the efforts developing and (ALA, 2008)
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From page 69... ...
members of the Network for Earthquake Engineering SimuSuch non-technical concerns extend to the implementation lation, the Mid-America Earthquake Center, and the large of mechanisms to recognize inter-disciplinary work and to earthquake engineering community to the concepts presented support career paths for those who cross such boundaries. here through many informal discussions and formal planning exercises over the past decade.
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From page 70... ...
Cement is made These white papers are intended to stimulate discus from carbonate limestone, consisting of ancient carbon sion in this Workshop on Grand Challenges in Earthquake dioxide chemically combined with calcium oxide in fossil Engineering Research. I am a materials engineer with no shells.
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From page 71... ...
A stronger, denser solid carbon can be obtained by environment. However, it may be possible to engineer controlling the foaming during pyrolysis by various methods, new processes to produce very high strength and high- or by pulverizing the coke and forming a carbon-bondedvalue vapor-deposited carbons, such as fibers, nanotubes, carbon with coal tar pitch (a resin from coal pyrolysis)
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From page 72... ...
, so figuring on the basis able for the built environment. There was no structural steel of volume suggests that converting some of the fossil fuels in 1811.
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From page 73... ...
2011. Carbon building materials from coal char: Durable materials for solid carbon sequestration to enable hydro Guerra, Z
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From page 74... ...
Indeed, Vision 2025, proceed through seismic wave propagation in large regions, American Society of Engineers' (ASCE's) vision for what and ultimately couple to structural response of buildings, it means to be a civil engineer in the world of the future, asbridges, and other critical infrastructure -- so-called "rupture serts among other characteristics that civil engineers (must)
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From page 75... ...
This will be done in the context of the modeling the inverse problem as a problem in statistical inference, of seismic wave propagation, which typically constitutes the incorporating uncertainties in the measurements, the forward most expensive component in simulation-based rupture-to- model, and any prior information on the parameters. The rafters seismic hazard assessment.
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From page 76... ...
, to polynomial chaos approximations of the stochastic The advent of the age of petascale computing -- and forward problem (Narayanan and Zabaras, 2004; Ghanem the roadmap for the arrival of exascale computing around and Doostan, 2006; Marzouk and Naim, 2009) , to low-rank 2018 -- bring unprecedented opportunities to address sociapproximation of the Hessian of the log-posterior (Flath et etal grand challenges in earthquake engineering, and more al., 2011; Martin et al., In preparation)
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From page 77... ...
The seismic source is a double couple point source with a Ricker wavelet in time, with cen- Table 1 Strong scaling of discontinuous Galerkin spectral tral frequency of 0.28 Hz. Sixth-order spectral elements are element seismic wave propagation code on the Cray XT-5 used, with at least 10 points per wavelength, resulting in 170 at ORNL (Jaguar)
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From page 78... ...
. implementation of the discontinuous Galerkin spectral On the other hand, the second challenge identified element seismic wave propagation code described above above -- exploiting massive on-chip multithreading -- has (Burstedde et al., 2010)
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From page 79... ...
, perative in order that we may exploit the radical changes in seismic wave propagation, coupled structural response, and architecture with which we are presented, to carry out the analysis of the outputs -- is questionable on contemporary stochastic forward and inverse simulations that are essential supercomputers, let alone future exascale systems with three for rational decision making. This white paper has provided orders of magnitude more cores.
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From page 80... ...
51, of global seismic wave propagation using SPECFEM3D GLOBE on Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 62K processors.
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