Animal Research in a Global Environment Meeting the Challenges: Proceedings of the November 2008 International Workshop (2011) / Chapter Skim
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INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES AND PRINCIPLES FOR DISTRESS, PAIN, AND EUTHANASIA
INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES AND PRINCIPLES FOR DISTRESS, PAIN, AND EUTHANASIA
Pages 128-152
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From page 128... ...
Many laboratory animals have well-developed senses like smell, sound, sight, touch, and taste to survive in the world, and husbandry systems do not normally fulfill many of these evolutionary needs. Neither has domestication removed them, as, when domesticated animals are released into the wild, they soon adopt the ways of their progenitors.
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From page 129... ...
That is one reason for my statement that fear, poor housing, and poor husbandry systems inflict most animal suffering during their lifetimes. Even best practice still compromises animal welfare considerably.
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From page 130... ...
Differences in their responses were observed, and it might be possible to interpret these differences but the work was never completed. However, there are other indirect and nonspecific physiological measures of distress including blood hormones such as cortisol, organ responses to hormonal changes, neurochemical binding patterns in the brain and spinal cord, and responses to known pharmacological agents.
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From page 131... ...
It is this interpretation of an increased heart rate or increased blood pressure or a behavior that is the subjective step. The observation of the behavior and the measurement of a hormone level are both objective, but both have to be interpreted into [a gauge of the]
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From page 132... ...
However, I received a good response from Australia and New Zealand with some really interesting observations. I would argue that is because they are the ones that have been at the forefront in developing broad-based local animal care and use ethics com 1 Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals (2008)
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From page 133... ...
They are trying to develop key welfare indicators that can reflect the quality of life of farmed animals before they are killed -- did they have a good quality of life, did they have a life worth living, if you like? The Farm Animal Welfare Council in the UK is also looking into this.
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From page 134... ...
134 Animal Research in a Global Environment: Meeting the Challenges training of personnel, better techniques carried out competently, closer observations of animals, and early detection of adverse states and their causes. In conclusion, mental ill health -- i.e., distress -- is the most common cause of suffering in laboratory animals.
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From page 135... ...
The most widely accepted definition of pain and the most appropriate in this case is that of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP 1994) : "An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage." Guidelines and Codes of Practice The vast majority of countries that carry out animal-based research have guidelines, almost all of which state that "Pain should be ‘minimized and/or alleviated…'" or have statements to a similar effect (e.g., ILAR, NIH, Australia's National Health and Medical Research Council [NHMRC]
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From page 136... ...
The lack of analgesic use in medical and veterinary clinical practice could be due to failure either to appreciate the significance of pain or to recognize signs of pain. However, is this true for laboratory animals?
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From page 137... ...
. FIGURE 3 Changes in reported analgesic use in rats and mice in 2000-2002 after email follow-up of authors who reported no analgesic use.
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From page 138... ...
FIGURE 5 Reported analgesic use by continent in 2005-2006 after surgery in rodents and larger species. Sources: Coulter et al.
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From page 139... ...
In many cases unalleviated pain can cause as much if not more variation in the data as either interactions between the analgesics and experimental protocols or potential side effects associated with analgesics. If there is concern about the effect of analgesic administration on experimental validity then this can be considered with other sources of potential variation in a study (e.g., environmental, surgical)
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From page 140... ...
2009. Reported analgesic and anaesthetic ad ministration to rodents undergoing experimental surgical procedures.
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From page 141... ...
Differences in recommendations can be the result of difference in interpretation of scientific evidence, but may also reflect difference in expert opinion, national systems, and societal values. Guideline Documents As national authorities overseeing animals used for scientific purposes have evolved, they have either developed or adopted guidelines as a means of holding animal users accountable to prevailing societal values.
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From page 142... ...
Second, however much one might strive to base guidelines on hard science, in reality that science is subject to expert opinion, the regulatory framework within which the animal-based research is carried out, and current societal values, as most oversight systems are either an arm of government or established to act on behalf of the broader public. These additional factors do not dilute the scientific basis for guidelines; rather, they translate hard science into guidance, and in doing so add value to the guidelines.
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From page 143... ...
, an international scientific organization dedicated to advancing human and animal health by promoting the ethical care and use of laboratory animals in research worldwide, has been working on harmonization of guideline documents. At the ILAR symposium on science-based guidelines held in 2003, it was recognized that, due to differences in national systems of oversight, guidelines can only ever be harmonized and that standardization of guidelines is neither possible nor desirable (Demers 2004a)
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From page 144... ...
During the interim years, requests for inclusion of new or altered euthanasia procedures or agents in the AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia will be directed to the AVMA Animal Welfare Committee. Revisions are based on a thorough evaluation of the available science and require Executive Board approval.
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From page 145... ...
. This report summarizes the position of the animal welfare panel of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)
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From page 146... ...
Schedule 1 to the UK Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 provides a list of methods considered exempt from the requirement for a UK Home Office personal or project license.
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From page 147... ...
The AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia (2007) provide a table of methods considered by the panel of veterinarians responsible for drafting the guidelines to be acceptable, as well as tables of methods that they considered conditionally acceptable or unacceptable.
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From page 148... ...
The principles espoused by all of the various international systems overseeing animal use in science are based on the premise that pain and distress must be minimized. In addition, the ICLAS principles of euthanasia point not only to minimization of pain and distress but also to immediate loss of consciousness as important in euthanasia.
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From page 149... ...
. In the interim, there are recommendations in guidelines that seek to establish good practice, in line with authors' interpretation of the current scientific evidence.
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From page 150... ...
Conclusion Organizations responsible for the development of guidelines all work to ground their recommendations in sound scientific evidence. Nonetheless, translation of science into policy necessarily includes a variety of factors, such as the particular regulatory framework in which the guidelines will be implemented and the current opinion of experts in the area, as well as current societal values.
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From page 151... ...
2006. Newcastle consensus meeting on carbon dioxide euthanasia of laboratory animals.
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From page 152... ...
2002b. Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
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