Assessing the Relationship Between Propagule Pressure and Invasion Risk in Ballast Water (2011) / Chapter Skim
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1 Setting the Invasive Species Management Stage
1 Setting the Invasive Species Management Stage
Pages 11-34
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From page 11... ...
to take up the introduction of nonindigenous species due to the release of ships' ballast as a serious marine environmental issue. Concomitantly, a diverse range of governmental organizations and private interests throughout the world have been advancing policy (regulations)
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From page 12... ...
that living nonindigenous organisms, when released by ships, will become successfully established in geographic regions where they do not occur and to cause subsequent harm to the environment or human health. The magnitude, complexity, and truly global scale of shipping present some challenges in advancing ballast water treatment.
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From page 13... ...
These values represent minimum estimates of ballast water discharge, since data were not available for all of the vessel arrivals to U.S. ports.3 The number of arrivals and ballast water discharge volume are not evenly distributed among recipient port systems; likewise, the relative contribution of the geographic sources to the number of arrivals and discharge volume is variable (Carlton et al., 1995)
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14 Propagule Pressure and Invasion Risk in Ballast Water FIGURE 1‐2 Number of vessel arrivals to U. S. ports in 2006‐2007 that originated from overseas locations (ports of origin outside the U.S. and Canada) . SOURCE: Miller et al. (2010)
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Thus, as for recipient ports (Figures 1-2 and 1-3) , the number of vessel arrivals may be a poor proxy for relative ballast volume from source regions.
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16 Propagule Pressure and Invasion Risk in Ballast Water 8 2 r = 0.558 n = 231 7 log10 (Discharge + 1 mt )
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In general, most organisms available in the water column and bottom sediments of bays and coastal waters, as well as open-ocean waters, are entrained at some frequency in ballast tanks, unless ships never encounter them or the organisms exceed some size threshold (e.g., marine mammals)
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18 Propagule Pressure and Invasion Risk in Ballast Water TABLE 1‐1 Diversity of Organisms Collected in Unmanaged Ballast Water and Sediment in Vessels Arriving in North American Coastal and Inland Waters. (The list of micro‐ organisms is not comprehensive.) Group Common name Coastal Inland Animals + + Cnidaria jellyfish, anemones, hydroids + Ctenophora comb jellies (sea gooseberries)
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Past studies provide some estimates of abundances for various types of organisms in ballast tanks. Table 1-2 indicates concentrations of particular organism types found in the ballast water of vessels that were sampled upon arrival to various ports (in the regions indicated)
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While most past research on organisms in ballast tanks has focused on waterborne assemblages, it is also clear that bottom communities can develop within ballast tanks that can include a diverse range of biota, including adults, larvae, eggs, and resting stages. Very high densities of resting stages can accumulate within ballast tanks.
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Coastal organisms are considered less likely to survive under oceanic conditions, and oceanic organisms are considered less likely to colonize coastal and inland waters, due to habitat and environmental mismatch. A diverse range of studies, mainly for the greater than 50 µm size class, demonstrate the effect of ballast water exchange on the original contents of ballast tanks.
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22 Propagule Pressure and Invasion Risk in Ballast Water FIGURE 1‐6 Mean (+S.E.) abundance of invertebrates recorded from ‘no ballast on board' (a and b panels)
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. Although ballast water exchange serves to reduce the transfer of coastal organisms, there are still residual biota that can colonize coastal recipient ports upon ballast discharge.
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24 Propagule Pressure and Invasion Risk in Ballast Water TABLE 1‐3 Densities of Planktonic Invertebrates (in Water) , Benthic Invertebrates (in Sediment)
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In particular, the switch from solid to liquid ballast in commercial cargo vessels resulted in a wholesale change in nonindigenous species (NIS) composition (Mills et al., 1993)
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, whose responsibilities for the interception of unwanted nonindigenous species date back to 1854 (note that U.S. interests in managing ballast water formally commenced in 1990)
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Both EPA and the USCG desire a federal ballast water management program that will be more effective than ballast water exchange-based requirements in preventing the establishment of new aquatic nonindigenous species through the discharge of ships' ballast water. To improve the regulation of ballast water, the agencies seek to better understand and relate the concentration of living organisms in ballast water discharges (inoculum density)
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accompanying its proposed ballast water discharge standards rulemaking under NANPCA. Chapter 2 of this report discusses the regulatory context surrounding ballast water management, including state, federal, and international guidelines and
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The report paves a way forward in Chapter 6 with conclusions and recommendations for setting numeric ballast water discharge standards for the next iteration of the Vessel General Permit and USCG regulations. REFERENCES Agogué, H., D
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Nonindigenous Aquatic Spe cies in a United States Estuary: A Case Study of the Biological Invasions of the San Francisco Bay and Delta. A Report for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, and The National Sea Grant College Program, Connecticut Sea Grant, NTIS Report Number PB96-166525.
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Pp. 479–506 In: Biological Invasions in Marine Ecosystems.
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2010. Density matters: review of approaches to setting organism-based ballast water discharge standards.
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in reducing aquatic nonindigenous species (ANS) introductions to the Great Lakes Basin and Chesapeake Bay, USA: Synthesis and analysis of existing information.
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2005. Trends in marine biological invasions at local and regional scales: the Northeast Pacific Ocean as a model system.
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