Naval Engineering in the 21st Century The Science and Technology Foundation for Future Naval Fleets -- Special Report 306 (2011) / Chapter Skim
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2 Science and Technology Shaping Future Naval Fleets
2 Science and Technology Shaping Future Naval Fleets
Pages 35-65
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From page 35... ...
to fulfill its mission by providing the science, technology, and research necessary to support future naval fleets. To carry out its mission effectively, ONR must not only keep current on scientific advancements, technologies, and innovations but also understand the Navy's future mission needs, threats, and strategies to meet those threats.
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From page 36... ...
The first section below describes naval engineering research needs dictated by possible future operating environments, missions, and resource constraints. Research opportunities are discussed in the second section, which identifies promising technologies and trends in innovation within the traditional disciplines related to naval engineering as well as other fields of scientific investigation that offer insights and discovery potential.
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From page 37... ...
Technology implications, particularly for surface ships, of increased Navy operations in the Arctic include icestrengthened hulls and underwater appendages, ice-resistant topsides, cold-temperature equipment, and so forth. These factors are a few of many potential challenges facing the Navy in its future operating environment that could affect how ONR manages and plans its NNR-NE initiative.
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From page 38... ...
Ballistic missile defense, counterterrorism and irregular warfare, antipiracy, and humanitarian assistance and disaster response are among the operations likely to have increased importance. These operational requirements will generate research needs to develop systems with unique functions for electronic warfare, to support the deployment of special autonomous vehicles, to support the use of special operational forces, to transfer relief supplies to shore, to repair damaged infrastructure, or to provide emergency medical and humanitarian support on a large scale in remote regions.
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From page 39... ...
In particular, technology developments may affect such trends as increases in unit production costs for major naval combatants as well as overall operations cost increases. The rising cost trends have led to recent proposals for extending the life of existing ships and utilizing existing designs for new vessels rather than developing a new design class.
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From page 40... ...
Summary Observations Consideration of the future operating environment, future naval operations, and the future resource situation all point to the need for a high degree of reliable, intelligently integrated capabilities in future ships. ONR work in ship design addresses issues of total ship engineering as it relates to treatment of the hull, propulsion plant, and other systems, but research focused on subsystems as integrated entities at the ship level, including the combat system, is lacking.
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From page 41... ...
A similar process for evaluating and communicating future Navy needs would provide ONR with a useful planning tool. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OPPORTUNITIES This section provides examples of recent advances or promising developments in several technical disciplines that may present opportunities for improvement in the performance of naval ships.
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From page 42... ...
The committee's recommendations for processes that develop NNR-NE capabilities to anticipate and respond to push and pull research requirements are presented in the next two chapters. ONR requires enterprisewide processes, such as those proposed in Chapters 3 and 4, to ensure that the Navy is able to capitalize on both needs- and opportunities-driven science and technology advances to anticipate and respond to future mission requirements.
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From page 43... ...
• What are the best opportunities for breakthroughs in understand ing or for the emergence of game-changing technologies in naval engineering? The committee identified opportunities presented by recent advances in four of the NNR-NE technical areas -- structural systems, hydromechanics, platform power and energy, and system integration -- and opportunities in interdisciplinary collaborative research.
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From page 44... ...
Physics-based simulation enables users to produce virtual prototypes, realistically simulating the behavior of complex systems on computers and quickly analyzing multiple design variations until an optimal design is achieved. Structural design and computational fluid dynamics are simulation applications that can be used to develop optimized hull forms and structures that are more damage-tolerant.
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From page 45... ...
ONR needs to place priority on research in isogeometric analysis so that applications will be available for Navy ships in such areas as structures, hydrodynamics, fluid–structure interaction, computational mechanics, and electromagnetic signatures. Research in developing improved technologies and models for monitoring, inspecting, and assessing the condition of ships in service and estimating their remaining service lives should also be a priority.
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From page 46... ...
• Capsize prediction tools: Capsize prediction tools based on mode advanced computational methods, such as free-surface Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes tools, have demonstrated viability in canon ical model studies. However, the computational cost of using such tools is high, so in a design environment, tools for capsize predictions continue to be based on relatively simplistic numerical models.
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From page 47... ...
• Tools to support novel hull and appendage designs: Technical and sci entific progress in these areas is feasible, and successes would likely lead to improved naval capabilities. The following are research areas that workshop participants cited as worthy of increased attention: – Improved integration of propulsor and hull hydrodynamic inter action on ships, – Predictive tools for propulsor performance in extreme ship motions (such as those caused by weather)
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From page 48... ...
In addition, the limited development of new models is a challenge, since a number of currently supported research projects remain focused on mature rather than new numerical technologies. Platform Power and Energy The use of power electronics–based integrated systems to manage power and energy needs and efficiency is a technology that could have great impact on the performance of future Navy ships.
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From page 49... ...
The development of power and energy systems for future ships with these characteristics cannot proceed in isolation but must be conducted as an element of a total ship system design process. Examples of power and energy system design questions that can be answered only within the context of total ship system design include the following: • Load requirements as dictated by the ship's speed, range, and duty cycle; • Power management system requirements to accommodate different kinds of loads under normal operation and contingencies; • The impact of pulse loading on the main and auxiliary gas turbine generators for determination of changes in mean time between fail ures, life expectancy, and ability of the turbine to follow rapid load changes (at present, there is no valid naval database for this type of pulse load operating scenario with large gas turbine generator sets)
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From page 50... ...
As in the case of ship design tools, ONR planning for basic research in power and energy is likely to be productive only if there is clear overall Navy direction and planning for adopting power electronics–based and advanced rotating machinery–based power systems. There is a need in the U.S.
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From page 51... ...
A paper presented at the 2009 Conference on Systems Engineering Research included a discussion of "grand challenges" in systems engineering and includes the following observation applicable to complex naval systems (Kalawsky 2009) : Systems engineering is rapidly becoming recognized as a key discipline in a number of sectors including Aerospace & Defence, Automotive, Construc tion, Energy, Transportation, Consumer Electronics, IT, Pharmaceutical & Healthcare and Telecommunications.
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From page 52... ...
The tools could help provide answers to questions such as the following: Does increased service life decrease overall cost? Would shorter ser vice lives, with no modernization over the life cycle, be more cost effective?
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From page 53... ...
It is apparent that automated and smart systems capabilities will be of growing importance with the emergence of all electric ships, integrated electric propulsion, and the desire for oper ations that are both robust and robustly reconfigurable. The increased use of unmanned vehicles, some with autonomous capabilities, and the increased availability of smart sensors make total ship adaptive automation control of heterogeneous systems an alluring goal.
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From page 54... ...
• Current work in nonlinear systems, nonlinear control, deep machine learning, and remote sensing all could provide opportunities for major naval engineering breakthroughs. • The advances in ship hydrodynamics are tied to mechanical and aero space engineering, computer science, high-performance computing, and measurement system technology.
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From page 55... ...
: • Efficient power trains, including hybrid systems; efficient engines using alternative fuels; and fuel cells that use conventional fuels more efficiently; • Advances in surface chemistry allowing development of novel coat ings that can be used to protect ship hulls and cargo holds, to reduce deposits in pipelines, and to reduce fluid drag; • New methods that are emerging from work on the all-electric ship con cept to design and operate ships with increased automation, reduced manning, and increased reliability; • New sensor arrays, which will allow sensing of self-generated flow and enable active flow manipulation and hence increased capabilities for maneuvering and efficient propulsion; • Robotic developments that promise routine unmanned inspection and remote underwater intervention; • Smart autonomous underwater vehicles that increase the operational capability of ships and submarines substantially; • New high-strength steels that improve hull protection against impact and fatigue, including operation in very cold climates; and • Global ocean modeling and prediction that will aid routing and oper ation of vessels in rough seas. These technological possibilities arise from advances in a diverse array of fields, including materials science (high-strength steels, nanomaterials)
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From page 56... ...
The paper cited in the preceding subsection notes that ONR already is sponsoring initiatives that promote multidisciplinary collaboration, including the electric ship initiative (Triantafyllou 2010, 7)
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From page 57... ...
2010. Naval Ship Design and Construction: Topics for the Research and Development Community.
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From page 58... ...
Future naval operations, and 3. Future resource prospects.
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From page 59... ...
Adversaries with • Protection and offensive • Hull, mechanical, and electri nuclear weapons capability versus nuclear- cal structures hardened armed states to overpressure, electro • Protection and offensive magnetic pulse, radioactive capability versus nonstate fallout actors • Materials protection, reaction, offensive capability (continued on next page)
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From page 60... ...
integration ships • Nuclear propulsion • Eliminate need to establish an • Self-healing–self-repairing, intermediate land base resilient systems, materials, structures, automation and mechanical systems 6. Diminishment of • Increased human activity in • Energy systems and solutions Arctic sea ice Arctic • Adverse weather monitoring, • Arctic and cold weather anticipation, routing, rescue, operations, support, logistics, deployment, operational training, education, rescue systems • Comprehensive air, land, sea, • Data analysis, cleansing, maritime, space, submarine, integration and cyber monitoring • Cyber and structure, hull, • Maritime Domain Awareness materials integration • New and strengthened materials, hulls, structures, propulsion systems, topside, integration systems • Hardened, ice- and temperature-resistant human–machine interfaces and systems (e.g., for man aging fatigue, heat and cold, vigilance, etc.)
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From page 61... ...
Future Naval Operations Threat Technology Need ONR NNR-NE Implication 8. Ballistic missile • Protection and offensive capa- • BMD hull, mechanical, and defense (BMD)
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From page 62... ...
capabil counterterrorism operations ities, including autonomous • Support Navy Irregular underwater vehicles capable Warfare Office, Naval Expedi- of conducting persistent ISR tionary Combat Command, operations riverine squadrons, Navy • Expeditionary electronic Foreign Area Officer program, warfare, signals intelligence, naval civil reserve battalion counterimprovised explosive device, explosive ordnance disposal, and riverine capabilities • Fast to target, low-collateral damage strike weapons • Capabilities to covertly insert and recover Navy special operations forces; follow on to Advanced Swimmer Delivery System 10. Antipiracy operations • Protection and offensive • Cost-effective antipiracy capability versus states solutions • Protection and offensive • Improved ISR capabilities capability versus nonstate • Autonomous underwater actors vehicles for persistent ISR • Discriminating threats from nonthreats (pirates versus nonpirates)
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From page 63... ...
and integration that reduce • Greater use of common hulls, cost, weight, size (electric systems, and components drive equipment) • Increasing modularity use in • Technologies for reduced ship design and construction crews • Incorporating increasing • Human–machine interfaces, design-for-producibility, human factors research for improved production reduced manning engineering • Improved construction processes and methods (National Shipbuilding Research Program)
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From page 64... ...
-- an aver- and electrical systems; and age of 10 per year, compared physical open architecture to single-digit ships per year features to facilitate 1993–2009 modernization • Beyond 2015, LCS and JHSV • Materials and techniques for expire -- SSBN(X) next genera- corrosion control tion submarine and few other • Technologies and models for ships monitoring, inspecting, assess • Increase percent of time spent ing condition of in-service on deployment ships and estimating their • Increase use of unmanned remaining service lives vehicles • Redundant, more reliable, self repairing, and self-diagnosing systems • Multiple crew and sea swap technologies • Human factors, human– systems integration research for reduced crews, reduced crew operations, tasks, performance 16.
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From page 65... ...
Threat Technology Need ONR NNR-NE Implication • Monitoring, inspecting, and assessing in-service ships • Open-architecture combat and other systems and physi cal open architecture features to reduce life-cycle modern ization costs • Strategies and technologies to 17. Limited number of • Greater use of common hull introduce new capabilities new ship and designs through modifications to exist aircraft designs ing ship designs • Ship design and simulation tools to assess and simulate integration, use, failure, and response to failure • Road maps for introducing technologies (integrated elec tric drive and composite struc tures)
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