The Effects of Commuting on Pilot Fatigue (2011) / Chapter Skim
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4 Sleep, Wakefulness, Circadian Rhythms, and Fatigue
4 Sleep, Wakefulness, Circadian Rhythms, and Fatigue
Pages 77-86
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From page 77... ...
The primary ones that may be relevant to pilots' commutes include duration of time awake prior to work, duration of time slept prior to work, restfulness of sleep (i.e., sleep continuity) prior to work, and the biological time (i.e., circadian phase)
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From page 78... ...
Due to a lack of relevant data, it is unknown to what extent good sleep hygiene practices are followed by commuting pilots to ensure they are alert during their postcommute flight and duty periods.3 Extensive scientific evidence exists on the negative effects of fatigue on the performance of many cognitive tasks, including those essential for safely operating a commercial aircraft. The adverse effects of fatigue induced by sleep loss include maintaining wakefulness and alertness; vigilance and selective attention; psychomotor and cognitive speed; accuracy of performing a wide range of cognitive tasks; working and executive memory; and higher cognitive functions, such as decision making, detection of safety threats, and problem solving; and communication and mood (Harrison and Horne, 2000; Thomas et al., 2000; Durmer and Dinges, 2005; Philibert, 2005; Banks and Dinges, 2007, 2011; Goel et al., 2009b; Lim and Dinges, 2010)
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From page 79... ...
rhythms, reflected in microbiology, physiology and behavior, that control the timing of the sleep/wake cycle and influence physical and cognitive performance, activity, food consumption, body temperature, cardiovascular rhythms, muscle tone, and aspects of hormone secretion and immune responses, as well as many other physiological functions. When an individual is acutely sleep-deprived by remaining awake into his or her habitual nocturnal sleep period, elevated homeostatic pressure for sleep due to time awake extending beyond 16 hours develops as the internal circadian clock in the brain is withdrawing the drive for wakefulness (Van Dongen and Dinges, 2005; Institute of Medicine, 2009)
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From page 80... ...
. The detrimental effects of fatigue on performance may be exacerbated by a tendency for individuals to have reduced awareness of their cognitive performance deficits that result, even as these deficits increase in frequency with consecutive days of inadequate sleep (Van Dongen et al., 2003a; Banks et al., 2010)
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From page 81... ...
Chronic Partial Sleep Deprivation In addition to acute sleep deprivation, fatigue can be exacerbated by chronic partial sleep loss, also known as cumulative sleep debt, which occurs when the sleep obtained over multiple days is too short in duration to maintain behavioral alertness during the daytime (Van Dongen et al., 2003b)
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From page 82... ...
. In all of these controlled laboratory studies, measures of behavioral alertness decreased and cognitive performance deficits increased cumulatively across consecutive days, at a rate inversely proportional to the amount of sleep provided each day (for reviews, see Banks and Dinges, 2007, 2011)
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From page 83... ...
Naps are one of the frequently used fatigue countermeasures (caffeine being the other) , and there is substantial scientific evidence that nap sleep can help reduce the severity of fatigue during prolonged duty periods of work (Dinges et al., 1987; Institute of Medicine, 2009)
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From page 84... ...
FATIGUE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES Recognition of the complex nature of the multiple interacting factors that influence the buildup and reduction of fatigue as a state that can affect performance has been at the core of the development and application of various fatigue management technologies. The science of fatigue management has developed rapidly over the past decade in civilian transportation sectors, with much of the applied research sponsored originally by the military, where sustained and continuous operations pose acute and chronic fatigue-related challenges.
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From page 85... ...
online operator monitoring technologies that are designed to provide real-time monitoring of an operator's physiological or behavioral state during work; (3) performance-based monitoring systems that are designed to continuously track operational performance to detect operator conditions/behaviors that can lead to reduced safety; and (4)
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From page 86... ...
. mathematical models of fatigue in work settings concluded that although the models are intended to provide quantitative information on the likely average level of fatigue risk associated with a given pattern of work and sleep, there is considerable individual variability attributable to personal biology and task variables not included in current models (Dawson et al., 2011; see also Van Dongen et al., 2004)
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