Long-Term Health Consequences of Exposure to Burn Pits in Iraq and Afghanistan (2011) / Chapter Skim
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4 Evaluation of Air Monitoring Data and Determinants of Exposure
4 Evaluation of Air Monitoring Data and Determinants of Exposure
Pages 31-46
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From page 31... ...
Those pollutants may come from a combination of sources such as industrial activities, mobile sources, and windblown dust. Sources of locally generated air pollutants at JBB include windblown dust, local combustion sources, and volatile evaporative emissions.
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From page 32... ...
The gaseous- or vapor-phase emissions from the sources affecting JBB include nitrogen oxides, ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and volatile and semivolatile organic compounds. As discussed in more detail below, the volatile hydrocarbons measured at JBB include other hazardous air pollutants such as formaldehyde, benzene, and 1,3-butadiene, while the measured semivolatile hydrocarbons include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
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From page 33... ...
The air monitoring approach included fixed site samplers that were placed at the mortar pit (selected to be upwind of the burn pit) , at the H-6 housing and CASF sites, and at the guard tower and transportation field sites (chosen to be downwind of the burn pit)
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From page 34... ...
In the following discussion, a local source is defined as one that has a differential impact on the three JBB locations, in contrast with a background or distant source that impacts all JBB sampling locations in the same way. The mortar pit location exhibited the lowest concentrations of many pollutants; based on meteorology data, it was largely upwind of the burn pit and other local base sources.
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From page 35... ...
Comparing concentration averages computed over samples taken on the same days in 2007, PAHs showed a consistent pattern of higher concentrations at the guard tower/transportation field (17/17 PAHs) , lower concentrations at the H-6 housing/CASF location (11/17 PAHs, ranging from 0.82 to 1.98 times the mortar pit)
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From page 36... ...
k] Ac ,2 Ac z[ Be en no ib de D In FIGURE 4-2 Mean PAH concentrations at the three sampling locations: guard tower/transportation field (red)
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From page 37... ...
military personnel are deployed relative to five urban areas in the United States with similar climate conditions: Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Tucson, Albuquerque, and El Paso. The conclusions suggest that the pollutants of greatest concern at JBB may be the mixture of regional back ground and local sources -- other than the burn pit -- that contribute to high PM.
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From page 38... ...
Also, the guard tower/ transportation field total PCDD/F concentration is about 5 times the mortar pit concentration and the H-6 housing/ CASF total PCDD/F concentration is still about 2.5 times the mortar pit concentration. Table 4-5 shows that the measured average concentrations fall with the estimated burn rate, although they are not proportional to the burn rates.
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From page 39... ...
, and mortar pit (blue) at Joint Base Balad.
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From page 40... ...
SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR EXPOSURE Ambient air concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PAHs, VOCs, and PM were measured at JBB, and the committee used these values to estimate the impact of the burn pit on air pollution at JBB. Of the three monitoring locations at JBB, the mortar pit was considered a background site and was located upwind of the burn pit, the other two locations -- H-6 housing/CASF and the guard tower/transportation field -- were considered to be downwind of the burn pit; the guard tower/transportation field location was closest in proximity to the burn pit.
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From page 41... ...
at the three sampling locations by sampling campaign: guard tower/ transportation field (red) , H-6 housing/CASF (green)
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From page 42... ...
42 TABLE 4-3 Measured PCDD/F Concentrations (fg/m3) at JBB Compared with Beijing, China Guard tower/transportation field H-6 Housing/CASF 2007 Mortar pit Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Congener ITEF/89a 2006 2007 2007 2009 2007 2007 2009 2007 2007 2009 Beijingb 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HeptaCDD 0.01 1416 3266 2677 1632 1262 511 460 397 204 152 240 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HeptaCDF 0.01 1638 2983 2180 1196 1168 523 509 511 294 320 926 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HeptaCDF 0.01 181 387 244 103 137 107 53 58 59 37 155 1,2,3,4,7,8-HexaCDD 0.1 136 322 228 153 115 39 44 42 19 16 19 1,2,3,4,7,8-HexaCDF 0.1 1361 2697 2047 1028 982 467 386 440 232 209 241 1,2,3,6,7,8-HexaCDD 0.1 290 755 500 380 241 88 109 92 38 29 38 1,2,3,6,7,8-HexaCDF 0.1 487 962 739 323 362 192 137 170 95 78 237 1,2,3,7,8,9-HexaCDD 0.1 428 1623 870 553 404 133 127 124 49 37 28 1,2,3,7,8,9-HexaCDF 0.1 37 54 80 28 28 23 14 11 14 12 90 1,2,3,7,8-PentaCDD 0.5 192 434 282 170 153 56 41 50 22 18 23 1,2,3,7,8-PentaCDF 0.05 365 730 725 168 263 165 71 119 60 47 151 2,3,4,6,7,8-HexaCDF 0.1 594 1187 762 539 449 199 181 184 96 85 305 2,3,4,7,8-PentaCDF 0.5 629 1000 1001 378 406 250 153 202 112 78 249 2,3,7,8-TetraCDD 1 58 118 126 117 39 35 37 11 15 8 7 2,3,7,8-TetraCDF 0.1 260 493 497 135 217 107 59 103 58 45 144 OctaCDD 0.001 1338 3006 3887 1258 1279 719 486 360 354 384 602 OctaCDF 0.001 636 1286 751 271 471 255 181 187 229 173 902 TEQ/89 880 1752 1431 745 639 333 254 270 151 115 275 NOTE: ITEF = International toxicity equivalency factor; TEQ = toxic equivalent.
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From page 43... ...
Since the burn pit is likely to have been a source of some of those pollutants, the evaluation of air monitoring data alone cannot provide a complete picture of the potential effects of burn pit emissions. Furthermore, there likely were additional pollutants emitted from the burn pit that were not measured during the CHPPM monitoring campaigns, since the burning of household waste is known to emit other pollutants (EPA 1997, 2001; Lemieux et al.
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From page 44... ...
Screening health risk assessment burn pit exposures Balad Air Base, Iraq, May 2008 . USACHPPM Report No.
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From page 45... ...
2010. Screening health risk assessments, Joint Base Balad, Iraq, 11 May–19 June 2009.
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