The Science and Applications of Synthetic and Systems Biology Workshop Summary (2011) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix D: Glossary
Appendix D: Glossary
Pages 501-510
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Antimicrobial resistance: Most commonly, this refers to infectious microbes that have acquired the ability to survive exposures to clinically relevant con 501
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. Apoptosis: A process of programmed cell death by which cells undergo an ordered sequence of events which lead to death of the cell, as occurs during growth and development of the organism, as a part of normal cell aging, or as a response to cellular injury.
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Cytokines were initially identified as products of immune cells that act as mediators and regulators of immune processes but many cytokines are now known to be produced by cells other than immune cells and they can have effects on nonimmune cells as well. Dendritic cells: Dendritic cells are a type of immune system cell known as antigen presenting cells; when antigens enter the body, dendritic cells communi cate that information to T-cells.
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Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) : The HAI tests measure the amount of serum antibodies directed against a hemagglutinating virus, with higher levels, or titers, being associated with greater protection.
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: Chromosomally located gene clusters that encode phage-linked integrases and conjugation proteins as well as other genes associated with an observable phenotype, such as virulence or symbiosis. They can be transferred between cells and have some phage-like genes, but they do not lyse the cell or form extracellular particles; see http://www.nature.com/ nrmicro/journal/v3/n9/glossary/nrmicro1235_glossary.html (accessed June 16, 2010)
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and may lead to change in structure of the protein coded by the mutated gene. Nomogram: A graphical calculating device, a two-dimensional diagram designed to allow the approximate graphical computation of a function; it uses a coordinate system other than Cartesian coordinates.
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Principal component analysis (PCA) : A mathematical procedure that uses an orthogonal transformation to convert a set of observations of possibly correlated variables into a set of values of uncorrelated variables called principal components.
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Sidephores: Low-molecular-weight compounds with a high binding affinity for insoluble iron-III; microorganisms release sidephores to scavenge iron-III and then transport it back into the cell. Signal transduction: The process by which an extracellular signaling molecule activates a membrane receptor that, in turn, alters intracellular molecules, creating a response.
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During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by RNA polymerase, which produces a complementary, antiparallel RNA strand. As opposed to DNA replication, transcription results in an RNA complement that includes uracil (U)
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