Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals Volume 10 (2011) / Chapter Skim
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2 Jet Propellant Fuels 5 and 8
2 Jet Propellant Fuels 5 and 8
Pages 72-139
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From page 72... ...
and John Hinz (National Advisory Committee [NAC] on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances.
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From page 73... ...
The military jet fuels contain additives that are not found in commercial jet fuels. Civilian and military personnel may be exposed to jet fuels during fuel production, aircraft fueling, aircraft maintenance, and accidental spills or pipeline leaks.
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From page 74... ...
Several short-term and repeated exposure studies addressed the toxicity of jet fuel aerosols. Exposure to aerosolized jet fuels was associated with enhanced toxicity compared with equivalent exposure to fuel vapors, the lungs and immune system being the target organs.
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Although the AEGL values are based on reported mixed aerosol and vapor concentrations of jet fuels, the primary exposure is to the vapor. Exposure to aerosols will probably result in deep lung deposition.
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From page 76... ...
Conversely, the maximum final boiling point of middle distillate fuels tends to exclude the presence of high-boiling polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The composition of jet fuels varies depending on the type of crude oil from which the fuel is derived, the refining process used, and the additives.
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From page 77... ...
discuss benzene exposures measured during maintenance operations on military aircraft fuel tanks. The exposures occur inside the fuel tanks or with personnel removing foam from the tanks.
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From page 78... ...
Exposure to jet fuels can occur during production and refining, monitoring of storage tanks, aircraft fueling and defueling, spills during handling, and leaks at storage facilities. Under some conditions, aircraft jettison excess fuel into the upper atmosphere (ATSDR 1998; Rossi et al.
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From page 79... ...
ATSDR 1998 Density (specific gravity) JP-8 0.81 g/mL Potter and Simmons 1998 JP-5 0.82 g/mL Potter and Simmons 1998 Vapor pressure JP-8 1.8 mmHg (28°C)
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The toxicity data of various jet fuels have been summarized and reviewed in IARC (1989)
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From page 81... ...
compared liver function, kidney and hematopoietic system function, serum proteins, neurocognitive function, and general physical health of 18 Air Force personnel exposed to jet fuels with 18 nonexposed subjects. The exposed subjects were evaluated while exposed to JP-4 and at 3, 6, and 18 months after JP-8 replaced JP-4.
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From page 82... ...
The highest concentrations of JP-8 were measured inside empty aircraft fuel tanks during maintenance and foam removal. Workers who enter the fuel tanks wear a supplied air respirator or a self-contained breathing apparatus, whereas the outside attendants do not.
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From page 83... ...
b Samples were taken inside aircraft fuel tanks during maintenance operations; workers wear supplied air respirators during tank entry. Abbreviation: time-weighted average.
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From page 84... ...
Air Force bases in the United States, mean concentrations of individual components of jet fuels (JP-4, JP-5, and JP-8) ranged up to 0.009 ppm for benzene and 1.83 ppm for naphthas (Puhala et al., 1997)
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From page 85... ...
. Additional JP-8 occupational exposure data taken in conjunction with complaints of symptoms are discussed in Section 2.3 (Neurotoxicity)
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From page 86... ...
In a study that examined sperm quality (concentration, motility, viability, morphology, morphometry, and stability of sperm chromatin) in 50 aircraft maintenance workers at an Air Force installation at 15 and 30 weeks after exposure to both JP-8 and solvents began, there was no significant association between sperm quality of maintenance workers and jet fuel exposure (primarily JP-4)
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From page 87... ...
Emergency exposures are expected to be to spills resulting in vapor exposures, while aerosols are relevant only to occupational exposures during aircraft foam removal operations or aircraft cold starts. Exposures to high concentrations of JP-8 have occurred during jet aircraft fuel tank maintenance, but personnel wear respirators when entering the fuel tanks, thus minimizing inhalation exposure.
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From page 88... ...
5) concluded that the studies of "Swedish military personnel exposed to jetfuel vapors at concentrations greater than 350 mg/m3 for several years did not show increased evidence of cancer." No studies that addressed potential developmental effects in humans were located.
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From page 89... ...
or mice and rats (JP-8) are included to compare with values derived from acute exposures.
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From page 90... ...
1997a,b (M, F) 1,000, 2,500 mg/m3 of spleen and thymus; decrease in viable cells of spleen; ≥100 mg/m3: decrease in viable cells of thymus; changes in numbers of immune cells of bone marrow, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood and in types of immune cells in all immune organs and tissues; alterations in immune function; many effects; and reversible at 28 days postexposure JP-8 aerosol Swiss-Webster 0, 1,000, 1 h/d, 5 Lungs: changes in protein abundance; kidneys: changes in Witzmann et al.
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From page 91... ...
2001 vapor Dawley rat (M) 6 h/d, significant decrease in response time in 1 of 10 tests, but no 5 d/wk decrease in overall activity; some changes in brain neurotransmitter activities JP-8 Sprague- 500, 1,000 6 wk No clinical signs, no change in body weights; Ritchie et al.
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C57BL/ 750 mg/m3 (P, S) d continuous; gain in male rats exposed to JP-5 (P,S)
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Vapor concentrations were measured continuously using a Beckman model 400 hydrocarbon analyzer. The absence of aerosols was documented with a Royco aerosol particle counter.
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Exposed animals lost weight on the first 1-2 days postexposure but gained weight during the remainder of the 14-day observation period. No control data for body weights were provided.
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Twentyone months after exposure, relative liver and kidney weights of male rats were increased and SGPT of female rats was reduced in the 1,000-mg/m3 group. Hyaline droplet formation in the kidneys of males was reversible by 2 months postexposure, and linear mineralization in the kidneys was reversible by 9 months postexposure.
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From page 96... ...
Those effects were absent in female rats, although exposure to the higher concentration of shale JP-5 resulted in a slight reduction in body-weight gain. Mild liver changes and mild nasal inflammation also occurred in rats exposed to shale JP5, but these changes were not dose-related.
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From page 97... ...
There was no indication of pulmonary irritation or narcosis at any of the concentrations examined. For JP-4, group mean respiratory rates decreased from baseline values by 11, 28, 51, and 59% at mean exposure concentrations of 685, 956, 1,888, and 11,430 mg/m3, respectively.
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From page 98... ...
these jet fuels, particularly JP-8, the slope of the respiratory rate vs concentration flattened at the highest exposure, that is, the highest concentration, 3,565 mg/m3 elicited a 50% response, which is similar to the RD50. This flattening of the response at high concentrations occurs with hydrocarbon solvents and may reflect coverage of all of the nasal tissue with the vapor and liquid.
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From page 99... ...
Clinical signs, body weights, and hematologic and clinical chemistry parameters were monitored during exposure. No clinical signs of toxicity or biologically significant changes in hematologic and clinical chemistry parameters were observed.
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incidences of hepatocellular fatty infiltration with vacuolization were observed in the mice exposed to JP-5 from either shale or crude oil sources.
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The increase in grip strength was not observed in rats exposed to JP-8. Following the above neurobehavioral tests (85 days postexposure)
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Chamber atmospheres were quantified by measuring hexane with infrared spectrometry. Mean body weight of the exposed and control groups did not differ during exposure or during the 7-day postexposure observation period.
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3.4. Immunotoxicity Although emergency exposures are expected to be to spills resulting in primarily vapor exposures, many of the following studies addressed the immunotoxicity of jet fuel aerosols.
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From page 104... ...
Viable splenic immune cell numbers remained significantly lower than control values, but viable thymic immune cells recovered by 21 days postexposure. Immune cell numbers of lymph nodes, bone marrow, and peripheral blood had generally recovered by 7 days postexposure.
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From page 105... ...
and sperm parameters of the males were evaluated. Beginning with days 26-42 of treatment, mean body weights of the groups were lower in a dose-dependent manner with males in the 3,000 mg/kg group losing weight over the treatment period.
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From page 106... ...
There were no exposure-related clinical signs in dams throughout the second part of the study, and there were no effects on mortality. As noted, body weights of dams were reduced, the lowered weight attaining significance primarily in the 1,500-mg/kg/day group.
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From page 107... ...
Liver adenomas were not increased in female mice exposed to petroleum-derived JP-5 or in male mice or male or female rats exposed to JP-5 from either source. JP-5 was not carcinogenic to male or female B6C3F1 mice when applied dermally for 2 years at doses of 0, 250, or 500 mg/kg in acetone (NTP 1986)
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From page 108... ...
to JP-8 and other jet fuels resulted in lower body-weight gain and produced nephropathy specific to male rats. The nephropathy, characterized by hyaline droplet formation and necrosis is exclusive to male rats (Bruner and Pitts 1983)
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From page 109... ...
These health effects or biomarkers of aerosol exposure have not been reported in fuel-exposed humans. The jet fuels discussed here (JP-5 and JP-8)
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The effectiveness of the individual components of jet fuels as CNS depressants is related to their volatilization, potency, and blood/air partition coefficients (NRC 1996)
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. The aromatic hydrocarbons are more toxic than the aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons but, due to their lower boiling point, are present to a much smaller extent in jet fuels.
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From page 112... ...
Species Differences Except for nephropathy in the male rat, no species differences in toxicity were observed among rodents in the several studies with jet fuels. Studies with hydrocarbon vapors, including jet fuels, showed a pattern of nephropathy in several strains of male rats, including Sprague-Dawley, Wistar, and F344 (MacEwen and Vernot 1984, 1985)
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From page 113... ...
All the jet fuels administered in the phase of vapor or combined vapor and aerosol exhibited low toxicity during acute, repeated, and chronic exposures. Time to steady state for individual components depends on lipophilicity as well as chemical interactions.
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From page 114... ...
; therefore, the benzene content of jet fuels in normally below 0.02%, and the PAH content is virtually zero. Although emergency exposures are expected to be to spills resulting in vapor exposures, exposure to respirable aerosols during aircraft fueling and maintenance is of concern because several studies have shown that aerosols are more toxic than vapors.
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From page 115... ...
Although vapor compositions may differ in different situations and with different fuels, the large database encompassing many jet fuels and the chronic nature of the exposures allows derivation of short-term values with considerable confidence. Although early toxicity studies with jet fuel vapors found few toxic effects, even following chronic exposures, aerosols that are more toxic may be formed under certain conditions.
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Whitman and Hinz (2001) reported results of the standard RD50 test using several jet fuels.
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DATA ANALYSIS FOR AEGL-2 6.1. Summary of Human Data Relevant to AEGL-2 The available monitoring data indicate that exposures to jet fuels at threshold concentrations for CNS depression have occurred, but actual concentrations are unavailable.
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From page 118... ...
This response is attributable to rodent's relatively high respiratory rates, cardiac outputs, and blood:air partition coefficients. Therefore, noeffect levels for CNS depression in rodents are quite protective for humans.
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From page 119... ...
The only reported effects of 4-h exposures to JP-8 at a vapor concentration of 3,430 mg/m3 or JP-8 at a vapor and aerosol concentration of 4,440 mg/m3 were eye and upper respiratory irritation (Wolfe et al.
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From page 120... ...
is for aviation fuels. TABLE 2-9 Extant Standards and Guidelines for Jet Fuels, Gasoline, and Kerosene Exposure Durations for JP-5 and JP-8 Guideline 10 min 30 min 1h 4h 8h AEGL-1 290 mg/m3 290 mg/m3 290 mg/m3 290 mg/m3 290 mg/m3 AEGL-2 1,100 mg/m3 1,100 mg/m3 1,100 mg/m3 1,100 mg/m3 1,100 mg/m3 AEGL-3 Not Not Not Not Not determined determined determined determined determined PEL-TWA 200 mg/m3 (NAVOSH)
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) TLV-TWA 200 mg/m3 (kerosene/jet fuels)
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From page 122... ...
The data were sufficient for deriving AEGL-1 and AEGL-2 values. Animal studies with repeated exposures support the safety of values derived for acute exposure durations.
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From page 123... ...
1998. Toxicological Pro file for Jet Fuels JP-5 and JP-8.
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AMRL-TR-78-20. Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH.
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2005. Valida tion of a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the quantification of aerosolized Jet Propellant 8.
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1984. Comparison of the subchronic inhalation toxicity of petroleum and oil shale JP-5 jet fuels Pp.
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2000. Evaluation of skin sensi tization potential of jet fuels by murine local lymph node assay.
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2010. Charac terization of a nose-only inhalation exposure system for hydrocarbon mixtures and jet fuels.
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2001. Effects of short-term high-dose and low-dose dermal exposure to Jet A, JP-8 and JP-8 + 100 jet fuels.
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2001. Standing Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Chemicals.
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1999. Dermal absorption and distribution of topically dosed jet fuels Jet-A, JP-8, and JP 8(100)
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2001. Sensory Irritation Study in Mice: JP-4, JP-8, JP 8+100.
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1999. Proteomic analysis of simulated occupational jet fuel exposure in the lung.
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From page 134... ...
134 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels APPENDIX A INDIVIDUAL HYDROCARBON DATA -- NEAT JET FUELS,a PERCENT BY VOLUME TABLE A-1 Hydrocarbon Data for Jet Fuels 4, 8, and 8+100 Hydrocarbon JP-4 JP-8 JP-8+100 Isopentane 0.1437 ND ND n-Pentane 0.3237 ND ND 2-Methylpentane 0.7302 ND ND 3-Methylpentane 0.4139 ND ND n-Hexane 1.5403 0.0011 0.0023 Methylcyclopentane 1.3913 0.0006 0.0014 Benzene 0.3551 ND ND Cyclohexane 1.7803 0.0033 0.0030 3-Methylhexane 1.5065 0.0119 0.0078 Isooctane 2.4941 0.0256 0.0112 n-Heptane 3.3458 0.0481 0.0357 Toluene 2.0009 0.0721 0.0664 3-Methylheptane 0.9567 0.0604 0.0524 n-Octane 3.8056 0.2609 0.2506 Ethylbenzene 0.6458 0.1414 0.1322 p-, m-Xylene 3.3541 0.6610 0.6319 n-Nonane 1.5714 0.9103 0.8886 Cumene 0.1870 0.1756 0.1672 Propylbenzene 0.1830 0.2846 0.2698 p-, m-Ethyltoluene 0.5318 0.6921 0.6801 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 0.5948 1.0785 1.0677 o-Ethyltoluene 0.4586 0.8522 0.8416 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 0.8171 1.2355 1.2192 n-Decane 1.2687 2.8907 2.8641 n-Undecane 1.7350 5.5171 5.5065 n-Dodecane 1.8808 5.3191 5.3032 n-Tetradecane 1.4537 3.0523 3.0658 n-Hexadecane 0.3169 0.7690 0.7602 Total analytesb 35.7868 24.0634 23.8289 a Source: Whitman and Hinz 2001, p.
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From page 135... ...
Jet Propellant Fuels 5 and 8 135 APPENDIX B CATEGORY GRAPH OF TOXICITY DATA AND AEGL VALUES Chemical Toxicity - Acute Animal Data JP-5 and JP-8 10000 AEGL-2 1000 No Effect AEGL-1 Discomfort mg/m3 100 Disabling 10 Some Lethality Lethal 1 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 AEGL Minutes FIGURE 2-1 Category graph for JP-5 and JP-8. Note: Only acute studies are graphed.
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From page 136... ...
1996 Rat 3,430 (vapor) 240 2: Eye, upper respiratory tract irritation Wolfe et al.
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From page 137... ...
for 30 min Effects: 681 mg/m3: 22% decrease in respiratory rate 1,090 mg/m3: 38% decrease in respiratory rate 1,837 mg/m3: 46% decrease in respiratory rate 3,565 mg/m3: 50% decrease in respiratory rate 708 mg/m3: 28% decrease in respiratory rate (vapor-only exposure) 2,876 mg/m3: calculated RD50 End point/Concentration/Rationale: 290 mg/m3 across all AEGL-1 exposure durations (0.1 times the calculated mouse RD50 of 2,876 mg/m3 [slight irritation withstood for hours,according to Alarie 1981]
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From page 138... ...
Human exposures to JP-8 were limited to occupational exposures; monitoring studies with other aviation fuels showed few effects. The value is supported by animal studies in which repeated and continuous exposures at 1,000 mg/m3 for up to 90 days failed to elicit clinical signs or adverse health effects.
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From page 139... ...
; no susceptible populations identified; upper respiratory sensory irritation and threshold for CNS effects do not differ by more than 3-fold in the general population; 1 applied to repeated exposures of 1,000 mg/m3 because no adverse health effects identified. Modifying factor: Not applied Animal-to-human dosimetric adjustment: Not applied Time-scaling: Not applied; CNS depression is a concentration threshold effect.
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