Social and Economic Costs of Violence Workshop Summary (2012) / Chapter Skim
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7 Context and Place
7 Context and Place
Pages 84-112
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From page 84... ...
The third paper examines the costs of intimate partner violence in three locations -- Bangladesh, Morocco, and Uganda -- and the similarities and differences between these settings. The final paper examines the intersection of youth violence and narcotics-related violence in Jamaica.
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From page 85... ...
Structural violence describes the ways in which standing forms of social organization limit opportunity for some members of society. Structural violence, because it is part of the social order and standing law, is often considered "right" or "natural." Criminal violence describes the harms that are done in violation of societal laws.
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. The changes in social organization, interpersonal relationships, and views of the environment indicate a change of state in the place.
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This, in turn, creates a negative feedback loop that further undermines the social organization through exacerbating violence, causing injury and death, and preventing social progress.
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THE IMPACT OF WAR ON CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND MENTAL HEALTH: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF RISK AND RESILIENCE AMONG FORMER CHILD SOLDIERS IN SIERRA LEONE Theresa S Betancourt, Sc.D., M.A.
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. Situations such as armed conflict had contributed to the displacement of an estimated 18 million children as of 2006, including 5.8 million child refugees and 8.8 million children internally displaced within their own countries (UNICEF, 2008, 2009)
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Recently, it was estimated that approximately 300,000 boys and girls under the age of 18 were involved in 17 active armed conflicts around the world (Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2008; UNICEF, 2007a)
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For children facing adversity due to war-related violence, the exosystem may refer to the major actors who contribute to determining the conditions of aid and global economic development. Finally, the macrosystem, or the larger cultural context including beliefs, customs, and the historical and political aspects of the social ecology, also has an important role to play.
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Specific to war, there are articles referring to the rights to protection for children who are refugees (Article 22) , as well as those otherwise affected by armed conflict (Article 38)
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involved a number of warring groups, including the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) , the Sierra Leonean Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC)
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to conduct a three-wave (T1, T2, T3) longitudinal study of former child soldiers and other war-affected youth in Sierra Leone (Betancourt, 2010; Betancourt et al., 2008, 2010a,b,c, 2011)
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This research has led to several publications about how warrelated and post-conflict experiences affect the longer-term mental health and psychosocial adjustment of former child soldiers (Betancourt et al., 2008, 2010a,b,c, 2011, in press)
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The integration of these services into education programs and primary health care is important. Opportunities for promoting this integration are prime in Sierra Leone, where a new free child health initiative is increasing access for vulnerable families in many rural parts of the country.
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INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES: HIGH COSTS TO HOUSEHOLDS AND COMMUNITIES1,2 Aslihan Kes, M.S. The International Center for Research on Women Violence against women is globally acknowledged as a basic human rights violation and a fundamental obstacle to the achievement of gender equality.
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Overall, the study suggests that intimate partner violence is pervasive and severe, most women who experience violence do not seek help, out-ofpocket costs to women and service providers are high, and indirect costs may dwarf direct costs. These findings join a growing body of evidence suggesting that violence against women is both a human rights violation and a drain on economic resources that reaches through households to communities and societies at large.
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To estimate the indirect costs of intimate partner violence to households, women were asked about the work and time use related outcomes of each incident they experienced in the 12 months prior to the study. They were also asked about the impact the incident had on the spouse and others in the household.
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Uganda––217 health facilities, 68 police stations, 54 probation offices, and 277 local councils. Key Findings In All Three Countries, Intimate Partner Violence Is Prevalent, Frequent, and Severe In Uganda, about half of women report experiencing physical or sexual intimate partner violence in their lifetime and almost 30 percent have experienced both.
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When personnel and other labor costs are taken into account, the estimated costs grow to $1.2 million annually. The Indirect Costs of Intimate Partner Violence May Dwarf Direct Costs In Uganda, about 12.5 percent of women report losing time from household work, especially washing clothes and fetching water and fuel wood, because of intimate partner violence.
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Intimate partner violence is also linked to maternal mortality and murders of women, as well as poor child health and mortality. These costs to society in terms of the global burden of ill health (measured by disability-adjusted life-years [DALYs]
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. In Jamaica, the impact of criminal violence on all facets of national life has been large-scale, and the country's 2009 interim Millennium Development Goals report cites violence as a cross-cutting barrier preventing the achievement of the goals.
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reported as being victims of IPV, 15 percent of verbal abuse, 7 percent of physical violence, and 3 percent of forced sex with an intimate partner. Corporal punishment continues to be the dominant form of discipline in homes, as well as in schools (National Family Planning Board, 2010)
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From page 105... ...
. Interventions that included weekly home visits by trained community health aides, with play sessions where praise was encouraged and physical punishment discouraged, showed that adults who had received these home visits as children reported less involvement in fights or more serious violent behavior (e.g., injuring someone with a weapon, gun use, gang membership)
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The PMI program implementer role would be to stabilize the highrisk youth communities by resolving disputes and mediating conflict. They would be in charge of the program for the high-risk unattached youth outlined in Figure 7-1.
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SOURCE: Ward et al., 2011. representatives of other government and nongovernmental agencies such as Figure 7-1 the Social Development Commission, Jamaica Social Investment Fund, Citizen Security and Justice Program,R02080 Community Security Initiative, Dispute Resolute Foundation,bitmapped uneditable image Restorative Justice Peace Management Initiative, the program of the Ministry of Justice, Violence Prevention Alliance, Peace and Love in Communities, among others.
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Youth violence is a complex social phenomenon, but it is also a major development problem. In making the recommendations for developing interventions, it must be understand what works and what doesn't work for youth violence prevention.
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2010. A longitudinal study of psychosocial adjustment and community reintegration among former child soldiers in Sierra Leone.
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2011. Sierra Leone's child soldiers: War exposures and mental health problems by gender.
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2010. Fact sheet: Childhood and intimate partner violence in Jamaica.
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2009a. Supporting the mental health and psychosocial well-being of former child soldiers.
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