Breast Cancer and the Environment A Life Course Approach (2012) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix E: Glossary
Appendix E: Glossary
Pages 399-408
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Adaptive immunity: A second line of defense, distinct from the more gen eralized innate immune response, in which the body reacts in a manner specific to invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Adaptive immune responses often confer long-lasting protection from a specific pathogen (adapted from Alberts et al., 2002)
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The specified probability is called the confidence level, and the endpoints of the confidence interval are called the confidence limits (CDC, 2010)
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Such couplings activate DNA repair processes and, unless repaired prior to DNA replication, may lead to nucleotide substitutions, dele tions, and chromosome rearrangements (Rieger et al., 2007)
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Epigenetics: An epigenetic trait is a stably heritable phenotype resulting from changes in a chromosome without alterations in the DNA se quence (Berger et al., 2009) Epigenome: A set of changes to the genome passed down from one genera tion to the next that does not include alterations in genetic material.
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. Multistage carcinogenesis: A conceptual division of carcinogenesis into four steps: tumor initiation, tumor promotion, malignant conversion, and tumor progression (Alberts et al., 2002)
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is defined as the occurrence of two or more relatively common normal alleles for a single locus. The difference between a polymorphism and a mutation is that a polymorphism occurs commonly and it is associated with a normal phenotype (Kufe et al., 2003)
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. Stroma: The mesenchymal components of the epithelial and hematopoetic tissues and tumors, which may include fibroblasts, adipocytes, endothe lial cells, and various immunocytes as well as associated extracellular matrix (Weinberg, 2007)
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Tumor suppressor gene: A gene whose partial or complete inactivation, oc curring in either the germ line or the genome of a somatic cell, leads to an increased likelihood of cancer progression (Weinberg, 2007)
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2004. Identifying and implementing educational practices sup ported by rigorous evidence: A user friendly guide.
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