Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention Solving the Weight of the Nation (2012) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2 Assessing the Current Situation
2 Assessing the Current Situation
Pages 33-78
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 33... ...
• Causes of the high rates of obesity can be traced to trends in environmental influences on physical activity and food intake. • Important advances have occurred in national guidance, policy, research directions, and partnership initiatives, as well as consensus on the need for a broad, prevention-oriented approach to the obesity epidemic.
|
From page 34... ...
High blood pressure is the most prevalent of these con Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention 34
|
From page 35... ...
. Obese children and adolescents also suffer an array of obesity-related comorbidities, ranging from sleep apnea, to type 2 diabetes, to hypertension, to liver disease, to orthopedic problems.
|
From page 36... ...
. Childhood obesity alone is responsible for $14.1 billion in direct medical costs (Trasande and Chatterjee, 2009)
|
From page 37... ...
" Yet data show that contemporary culture, economics, and society pose many barriers to the types of healthy diets that prevent obesity from occurring and to the difficult tasks of losing excess weight and sustaining lower weight levels.
|
From page 38... ...
Annual direct costs of childhood obesity U.S.-wide annual cost of "excess" medical spending attributable to overweight/obesity Productivity Absenteeism Excess days of work lost due to obesity costs Relative risk ratio of having "high absenteeism" National costs of annual absenteeism from obesity Presenteeism National annual costs of presenteeism obesity Relative productivity loss due to obesity Disability Relative risk ratio of receiving disability income support Premature Years of life lost due to obesity mortality QALYs lost due to obesity Total National annual indirect costs of obesity Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention 38
|
From page 39... ...
in 2004p $5 (1994 USD) -$66 billionm,q continued 39 Assessing the Current Situation
|
From page 40... ...
. Moreover, these health care costs are expected to rise significantly, since today's increased rates of childhood obesity predict further increases in adult obesity and concomitant increases in hypertension, stroke, dys lipidemia, cancers (endometrial, breast, and colon)
|
From page 41... ...
economy struggles today to cope with health care spending; this struggle will grow progressively more difficult as today's obese children mature. Beyond growing medical costs attributed to obesity, the nation will incur higher costs for disability and unemployment benefits.
|
From page 42... ...
Definitions of Overweight and Obesity Definitions of overweight and obesity for children, adolescents, and adults are provided in Box 2-2. According to these definitions, two-thirds of adult Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention 42
|
From page 43... ...
. Even more stunning is the parallel phenomenon in adolescents aged 12 to 19, among whom the 5 percent obesity prevalence of 1976-1980 has now more than tripled (NCHS, 2011)
|
From page 44... ...
. Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention 44
|
From page 45... ...
, obesity prevalence in 2005-2008 was 21 percent versus 12 percent in boys in the low versus high PIR categories, and 19 percent versus 12 percent in girls in the low versus high PIR 45 Assessing the Current Situation
|
From page 46... ...
2-4.eps Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention 46
|
From page 47... ...
Figure 2-6 shows that Mexican American boys and black girls have higher obesity prevalence than others in all income categories with the exception of Mexican American girls in families with incomes 130 percent or more below the poverty level. Taken together, these prevalence data emphasize the overall proportion of U.S.
|
From page 48... ...
SOURCE: Ogden et al., 2010c. 50 45 Boys Girls 40 35 Percent Obese 30 25 25 24 25 23 23 21 22 21 21 20 18 20 18 16 16 15 15 13 11 10 10 5 0 PIR < 130% 130% ≤ PIR < 350% PIR ≥ 350% PIR < 130% 130% ≤ PIR < 350% PIR ≥ 350% Poverty Income Ratio Category Non-Hispanic White Non-Hispanic Black Mexican American FIGURE 2-6 Obesity prevalence among children and adolescents aged 2-19 by sex and race/ ethnicity within poverty income ratio categories, 2005-2008.
|
From page 49... ...
report on childhood obesity, several trends related to physical activity, sedentary behavior, and food consumption that potentially contribute to increased obesity prevalence are highlighted in Tables 2-3 through 2-5. Inferences about the role of these specific influences in causing obesity are based on correlations rather than direct evidence of causation, in part because no single trend is responsible.
|
From page 50... ...
e Leisure-time Increased (high school students participating in ≥1 sport) f physical activity participating in leisure-time aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities • 1999 = 55.1% that meet physical activity guidelines • 2009 = 58.3% • 1999 = 15.0% • 2009 = 19.1% Decreased (18+ years of age)
|
From page 51... ...
Addressing the obesity epidemic requires approaches that can disentangle societal development and technological progress from impacts on physical activity, eating, and related health outcomes (Uusitalo et al., 2002) and that make physical activity and healthy eating an individual and societal priority.
|
From page 52... ...
Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention 52
|
From page 53... ...
a 2006 (2-18 years of age) b • Soft drinks +49 kcal/day • Soft drinks increased ~100 mL • Fruit drinks +50 kcal/day • Fruit drinks increased ~43 mL • Hamburgers +97 kcal/day • Hamburgers increased • Cheeseburgers +136 kcal/day 31 g/portion • Mexican fast food +133 kcal/day (+90 kcal/day)
|
From page 54... ...
Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention 54
|
From page 55... ...
, which provides several examples of ways in which local government officials have promoted healthier lifestyles in their communities and recommends starting points that could help officials initiate childhood obesity prevention plans tailored to their jurisdictions' resources and needs. The committee highlights these milestones and initiatives to demonstrate that many of society's stakeholders are acknowledging their responsibility to address obesity and are moving to respond.
|
From page 56... ...
(August 10, 2005) , 119, 1404d Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention 56
|
From page 57... ...
Evidence Gap Youth: Threat or Nutrition in Obesity Opportunity Standards for Prevention: A Foods in Schools: Framework to Leading the Inform Decision Way Toward Making Healthier Youth Early Childhood Local Government Obesity Actions Prevention to Prevent Policies Childhood Obesity NOTES: AHA = American Heart Association; ARRA = American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009; CDC = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; IOM = Institute of Medicine; IWG = Interagency Working Group; NIH = National Institutes of Health; RWJF = Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; USDA = U.S. Department of Agriculture; WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.
|
From page 58... ...
. The Alliance for a Healthier Generation, a major public health campaign to • address childhood obesity, was founded in 2005 as a partnership between the American Heart Association and the William J
|
From page 59... ...
. • First Lady Michelle Obama came forward as a champion for the childhood obe sity prevention effort, launching a multicomponent Let's Move campaign to promote healthier environments and behaviors related to physical activity and eating in schools, homes, and communities (White House, 2010a)
|
From page 60... ...
Task force members include senior-level representation from across government, including the Departments of Agriculture, Health and Human Services, Education, and the Interior; the Office of Management and Budget; the First Lady's Office; and the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy. A few months later, the task force issued the requested report, which included 79 recommendations (White House, 2010b; White House Task Force on Childhood Obesity, 2010)
|
From page 61... ...
For example, the most frequently cited barriers to offering physical activity opportunities for students during the school day are priority given to time for academic work and limited resources and staff capacity for physical education programs (Agron et al., 2010; Young et al., 2007)
|
From page 62... ...
2 Q Q Q Q 11 04 05 06 07 08 9 10 20 U.S. International FIGURE 2-8 Global trends in childhood obesity-related media coverage from the first quarter of 2-8.eps 2004 through the third quarter of 2011.
|
From page 63... ...
• Twenty-one states have legislation that requires body mass index (BMI) screening or weight-related assessments other than BMI for children and ado lescents in school.
|
From page 64... ...
. However, significant increases in obesity prevalence Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention 64
|
From page 65... ...
Olds and colleagues (2011) hypothesize that stabilization may be occurring as a result of the numerous public health campaigns and interventions that have been aimed at childhood obesity for the past several years beginning to have a cumulative effect and the rates of childhood overweight and obesity reaching a saturation point of equilibrium.
|
From page 66... ...
If so, this would suggest promising future trends, particularly if it were to be observed in Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention 66
|
From page 67... ...
These factors are varied, complex, and interrelated, and numerous small changes may contribute collectively to influencing population shifts. Some evidence indicates that trends of continuing increases in obesity prevalence may be leveling off, although this obser 67 Assessing the Current Situation
|
From page 68... ...
2010. Understanding childhood obesity.
|
From page 69... ...
2010. The economics of childhood obesity.
|
From page 70... ...
:2157-2161. Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention 70
|
From page 71... ...
2008. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans.
|
From page 72... ...
2009. Local government actions to prevent childhood obesity.
|
From page 73... ...
2008. Environmental influences on childhood obesity: Ethnic and cultural influences in context.
|
From page 74... ...
2012. NCCOR: National Collaborative on Childhood Obesity Research.
|
From page 75... ...
2009. Arkansas act 1220 of 2003 to reduce childhood obesity: Its implementation and impact on child and adolescent body mass index.
|
From page 76... ...
2007. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation announces $500 million commitment to reverse childhood obesity in U.S.
|
From page 77... ...
2007. Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC)
|
From page 78... ...
. White House Task Force on Childhood Obesity.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.