The National Academies Press

Currently Skimming:

Index
Pages 337-346

The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.

From page 337... ... Index A A Brief History of Time, 21 Academic achievement measurement of, 5; see also Tests and testing reform and, 254 science, general, 4 Accreditation, institutions for, 222-223 Adey, P., 5-6 Administration and administrators, 209, 286-287 department heads, 300, 30~307 reform, 259-260, 271, 272, 274, 275, 315, 319, 329-330 state coordinators, 274 see also Principals Advanced placement, 71-78, 108, 159, 282, 283 Aging and aged persons, 287 AIDS, 4 All One System, 165 American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 45 American Association for the Advancement of Science, 118, 134, 222 American Society of Zoologists, 118 337 America's Textbook Fiasco: A Conspiracy of Good Intentions, 269 A Nation at Risk 117 Anderson, B L., 272 Animism, 207 Asian students, 76 Assessment, see Evaluation of education Associations, see Professional associations and societies Australia, 12 B Back-to-Basics, see Minimal competence movement The Bible, 21, 26, 86 Biological Education in American Public Schools, 6 Biological Science, 156, 157, 160 Biological Sciences: An Ecological Approach, 49, 137 Biological Sciences Curriculum Study, 7~, 24, 51, 114, 118, 137, 142, 171, 203, 282, 286, 300, 305, 310 Biology Teachers Handbook 140-141 Black persons, 11, 23, 76, 9~94, 98-99 Bloom, Allan, 115 Bloom, Benjamin, 15 Boards of education, fragmentation, 80 Read the entire page →
From page 338... ... , of teachem, 207-208, 215, 216, 286, 329 Cost of education, 239, 241, 254-255, 272, 274, 283-284, 295, 334 Cox, P C, 272 Creationism, 50 Credentials, see Accreditation, institutions for; Certification, of teachers Criterion-referenced tests, 51 Cultural literacy, 3, 4, 12~123 Curricula, 3, 4, 10 INDEX advanced placement, 71, 72-73, 75-78, 282, 283 Biological Sciences Curriculum Study, 7-8, 24, 51, 114, 118, 137, 142, 171, 203, 282, 286, 300, 305, 310 and certification, 235, 240 computer-assisted, 186-193, 217, 319 content, secondary, 39-41, 45-48, 52, 65, 101-102, 113-116, 119-124, 131-141, 167-169, 248, 255 content, teacher education, 235-238, 303-306 development, 117-128, 167, 186-191, 209, 293, 298-307, 330-335 ecological perspective, 17-20, 49, 117-128, 137, 167-169, 173-175, 314-315 elective courses, 80 elementary, 186-191, 131-138, 216-217, 248 249, 251, 268, 310, 331 history, 6 - , 113-116, 119, 141-142, 295-296, 29~300 implementation, 23-24, 289-335 innovation and, 120, 121, 122, 135, 167, 303-306 inquiIy-based, 18~193, 217 institutional barriers, 243-288 medical revolution and, 3~36 models, 23~241, 268, 269-270, 324-335 multidisciplinary, 119, 121-124, 281, 310, 315-317, 322, 33~335 objectives, see Educational objectives problem-solving, 121, 140, 261, 263, 285 reform, 118, 245-335 required courses, 82 stability, 326 327 state-level actions, 209, 235, 256, 266-276, 291-292, 293 systems analysis and, 313-322 teacher education, 23~238, 303-306 teacher-proof, 209, 303, 305, 309 Curriculum Research and Development Group, 325, 330-335 D Demography, see Minority groups; Population factors; Sex differences de lbcqueville, Alexis, 115 Developmental Approaches in Science and Health, 332-333 Developmental factors, 3, 64, 166-167 Read the entire page →
From page 339... ... Public Schools, 131-137 standardized tests, 5, 52, 258 teacher preparation, 201-202 Educational Research Information Center, 299 Educational Testing Service, 51, 73, 103 Education Commission of the States, 4, 38, 267, 268-270, 273-276 Ehrlich, Paul, 121, 126 Eisner, E., 321 Elective courses, 80 Elementary education 339 curriculum reform, 248-249, 251, 268, 310, 331 Target Science, 216-217 teacher certification, 221 telecommunication -assisted curriculum, 186-191 transition to secondary, 131-138 Elmore, R F., 270 Employment employers' view, 37-42 salaries and wages, of teachers, 241, 284 student, 11 workload, of teachers, 279, 283-284 Energy transformation, 96-97, 106 107 Environmental issues and sciences, 5, 8, 17, 108, 121-123, 146-147 see also Ecological perspective Ethics, 124}121, 208 Ethnicity, see Minorities Evaluation of education, 45-46, 50-53 curricula, 331 instructional procedures, 62, 176 laboratories, 52, 73 state-level, 268 269 students, 55-70 studies, 4~52, 197 see also Tests and testing Evolution, 66, 102 curriculum content, 113, 114, 116, 127-128, 143-144 teacher knowledge and attitudes, 50 textbook treatment, 170 Examinations, see Tests and testing F Federal government, 256 Fernbank Museum of Natural History, 179-182 Finance, see Economic factors Florida, 240 Foundational Approaches in Science Teaching (FAST) Read the entire page →
From page 340... ... D., 254 Health Biology, 160 High School Teachers Association of New York, 6 Hispanics, 11, 23, 76, 93-94, 99, 239 Historical perspectives, 10, 114 curriculum, 6-7, 113-116, 119, 141-142, 295-296, 299-300 literacy, 19-20 museums, 80, 178-183, 216 reform, 118, 246, 253, 267-270, 287 teacher education as public issue, 219-221 teaching of, 115 Hodgkinson, Harold, 165 Holmes Group, 199, 201, 209, 219, 234, 235, 238-241 Homework, 11, 141 Hord, S H., 306-307 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 3 Huling-Austin, L., 225-226 Human factors, see Psychological factom; Social factors Hurd, Paul DeHart, 6, 119 Huxley, 1: H., 6, 144, 295 INDEX HyperCard, 172 I Illustrations, 31, 107, 108, 155-163 Industry Initiatives for Science and Mathematics Education-Los Angeles, 215 Inservice education, see Continuing education, of teachers Institutional factors, 3 centralization, 255-256, 269, 272 curricula, barriem, 243-288 expectations, 5-6 external, 252-259, 263-264, 308-309, 310, 315-316, 320-321 internal, 259-264 reform, 245-264, 271-272, 295 traditional approaches, 27~282 see also Professional associations and societies Instructional materials, 5, 25, 36, 149-193 see also Illustrations; Textbooks; Video techniques Instructional procedures, 10, 12~125, 133-134, 139-141, 149-193, 280 advanced placement, 71, 72-73, 75-78, 282, 283 analogy, 205 approaches, 30 32, 37-42, 115, 167-169, 173-176 conceptual, 115, 214, 234, 263, 321-322 daily schedule, 279, 303, 321-322 demonstrations, 13-14, 50, 108, 214 ecological approach, 173-175, 314-315 evaluation, 62 formal, 80 group learning, 216, 328 holistic methods, 174 homework, 11, 141 mentors, 1~15 models, 2~27, 175-176, 214, 319 pedagogy, 170, 203-208, 211, 215, 235, 270, 273, 280, 287, 288, 315, 320 project-based, 180193 reform, 259~263, 296 tracking, of students, 71-78, 108, 159, 255, 282, 283 see also Laboratories, classroom Interdisciplinary approach, see Multidisciplinary approach International actions and organizations Read the entire page →
From page 341... ... Licensing, see Certification, of teachers Life Science, 132-133 Literacy, 19-20 cultural, 3, 4, 12~123 mathematics, 19-21 scientific, see Scientific literacy visual, 161 Local actions 341 autonomy, 114, 127, 209, 256, 268, 269 community issues, 190 191, 318 Longitudinal Study of American Youth, 8~91 Los Angeles Educational Partnership, 216, 217 Lovelock, James, 144 M Man: A Course of Study, 248, 282 Management, see Administration and administrators Margulis, Lynn, 144 Maryland, 131-137 Massachusetts, 284 Mass media, 29~293 educational value, 24, 80 journalism education, 3~31 scientist stereotype, 11 student knowledge, reporting, 27, 284, 292-294 Mathematics formal instruction, 80 literacy, 19-20, 45 Mayer, W., 6, 8 McDonald's Corporation, 2~27 McLaughlin, M W., 270-271 Medical science, 4, 17, 30-36, 113, 114 Memory and memorization, 59, 106, 141, 261, 280, 296 Men, see Sex differences Michigan, 268 Michigan Educational Assessment Program, 60 Michigan State University, 55-57, 59, 61-69 Minimal competence movement, 23, 51, 257, 258, 262, 267 Minority groups College Board advanced placement test, 76 National Assessment of Educational Progress, 93-95, 9~99 parents, 216-217 stereotyping, 11, 12, 13 students, 6, 11-13, 23, 9~95, 9~99 Target Science, 216-217 teachers, 199, 23~241 see also specific groups Mix, Alan, 144 Models Read the entire page →
From page 342... ... , 222-223, 234, 237 National Diffusion Network, 328 National Education Association, 6-7 National Geographic Society, 27, 187 National Institutes of Health, 247 National Research Council, 7 genome mapping, 35-36 test review, 51, 52 INDEX National Science Board, 126, 234 National Science Foundation, 45-48, 187, 328 reform, 247-248, 268, 286 science teacher institutes, 211-212, 308 Target Science, 216-217 National Science Teachem Association (NSTA) , 10~109, 202, 203, 221-222, 223 224, 227, 230-233, 237 National testing programs NABT-NSTA, 10~109 teacher examinations, 197 United Kingdom, 80 see also National Assessment of Educational Progress Nation's Report Card, 266 Netherlands, 309 News & Hews, 101 News media, see Mass media New York, 6, 221 Nongovernmental organizations, 249-250, 292 see also Professional associations and societies Norm-referenced tests, 51, 108 o Objectives of education, see Educational objectives Open-ended questions, 91, 140-141, 284 Oppenheimer, J Read the entire page →
From page 343... ... INDEX public, 30, 120-121 reform of education, 254, 256, 257-259, 266-276 testing, 69 Political issues biological nature of man, 114 reform, 24, 206, 256-257, 259, 264, 291-292, 329 Population factom aging, 287 curriculum content, 121-122, 331 explosion, 17-18, 22 student diversity, 255 see also Minority groups; Sex differences Press, see Mass media Prewitt, Kenneth, 118 Principals, 209, 300, 301-302, 306, 317-318 Private sector, 215, 216, 217 educational leadership, 249-250, 292 employers' view of students, 37-42 Problem-solving, 121, 140, 214, 261, 263, 285, 318 Professional associations and societies accreditation and certification, 198, 221-224, 227 conferences, 284 evaluation, 48-50 historical perspectives, 6-7 national examination, 100-109 reform, 292 see also specific organizations Project 2061, 118, 134 Psychological factors change, 295, 317-318 and curriculum content, 122 developmental, 3, 5, 12-14, 64, 166, 173, 175, 204 minority-group teachers as role models, 240-241 motivation, 40, 79-90, 166,189-190, 216, 240-241 personal theories, misconceptions, 12-16, 63, 10~107, 185, 207 religious influences, 86 87, 90, 114, 115 student perceptions, 11-14, 62, 63, 167 Public opinion, 30 community issues, 190 191, 318 educational evaluation, 50 reform, 254, 255, 258-259, 271 343 Q Quality control, see Certification, of teachers; Evaluation of education; Reform; Standards; Textbooks R Racial factom, see Minority groups Reform administrator and administration, 259-260, 271, 272, 274, 275, 30~307 315, 319, 329-330 curriculum, 118, 245-335 ecological approach, 314-322 elementary education, 24~249, 251, 268, 310, 331 external facilitatom, 25~259, 263-264, 308 309, 310, 315, 316, 32~321 historical perspectives, 118, 246, 253, 267-270, 287 Holmes Group, 199, 201, 209, 219, 234, 235, 238-241 institutional factors, 245-264, 271-272, 295 instructional procedures, 259-263, 296 minimal competence movement, 23, 51, 257, 258, 262, 267 models, 320335 National Science Foundation, 247-248, 268, 286 policy issues, 254, 256, 257-259, 26~276 political issues, 24, 206, 256-257, 259, 264, 291-292, 329 principal's role, 300, 301-302, 306 processes, 29~311 professional associations, 292 public opinion, 254, 255, 25~259, 271 social factors, 252-253, 255, 25~259, 295, 313-314, 315-318, 321 standardized tests, 258 state policy issues, 26~276 systems analysis, 313-322 teacher involvement, 260-261, 263, 302, 303-305, 327-330 teacher preparation, 19~199, 201, 236, 23~241 Reliability studies, tests, 6~61, 69 Religious influences, 114 fundamentalism, 115 student choices, 86~7, 90 Required courses, 82 Read the entire page →
From page 344... ... S., 203, 204-205, 208, 211 Sizer, Ted, 273, 278-279, 307 Social factors, 3, 5, 38, 102, 108, 116-117, 145-147 community issues, 190 191, 318 curriculum content, 119, 121-124, 135, 153-154 local autonomy, 114, 127, 209, 256, 268, 269 reform, 252-253, 255, 258-259, 295, 313-314, 315-318, 321 stereotypes about high school, 30~302, 318-321 INDEX student perceptions and, 11-14, 62, 63, 80 see also Ecological perspective; Historical perspectives; Institutional factors; Literacy; Mass media; Minority groups; Political issues; Public opinion; Sex differences Special-interest groups, 257 Specialization, 205-206, 230, 281 Standardized tests, see Tests and testing Standards, 256 accreditation, 22~223 advanced programs, 108 defined, 219 national textbook, 114 see also Certification, of teachers Stanford Achievement Test, 60 State-level actions curriculum control, 209, 235, 256, 266 276, 291-292, 293, 327 Education Commission of the States, 4, 38, 267, 268 270, 273-276 reform policy, 266 276 teacher certification, 202-203, 224, 227, 235, 240, 281 textbooks, 269-270, 282 Statistical analysis, 83, 84~9 Steady Word Policy, Practice, and the Reform of American Education, 27~271 Students, 165-166 attitudes, 22, 79-90, 166 characteristics, 165-167 employers' view, 37~2 evaluation of, 55-70; see also Tests and testing expectations, of and for, 5-6, 40, 83-90, 267, 273, 274 ignorance, concealment, 58-61 interviews of, 60 61, 68 knowledge level, 55-58, 62-65 minonty-group, 6, 11-13, 23, 76, 93-95, 9~99 models, 81~9, 24~241 motivation, 40, 79-90, 166, 189-190, 216 non-college-bound, 166 parental influences on, 83, 84, 85 86, 90, 216-217 sex differences, 12, 83, 84, 86 87, 88~9, 93-95, 281 Read the entire page →
From page 345... ... INDEX social and psychological influences on, 22, 11-16, 62, 63-65, 80 talented, 6, 114 teacher-student ratio, 279 tracking, 71-78, 108, 159, 255, 282, 283 unprepared, 22, 55-58, 214, 246, 261, 266 see also Academic achievement; Advanced placement; Learning processes Syllabi, 23, 24, 74, 282; see also Curricula Systems analysis, 31~322 T Target Science, 216-217 Teacher certification, see Certification, of teachers Teacher Education Council of State Colleges and Universities, 199 Teacher preparation, 195-242 accreditation, institutional, 222-223 - continuing education, 207-208, 215, 216, 286, 329 curriculum, 234-238, 269, 303-306, 32~329 education, 197-200, 201-202, 213-217, 234 241, 247, 285, 295 FAST 333-334 minority-group recruitment, 238 241 models, 199-200, 23~241 science, 4 technological innovation and, 213-217, 298, 30~305 see also Certification, of teachers Teachers of advanced-placement courses, 72, 282, 283 attitudes, 169, 274, 287, 30~305, 308, 315 autonomy and accountability, 200210 beliefs about, 31~321 certification of, 198-200, 202-203, 219-228, 230-233, 235, 240, 281, 295 characteristics, 280 continuing education of, 207-208, 215, 216, 286 cumculum development, role in, 269, 327-330 daily schedules, 279, 303, 321-322 evaluation, 50 knowledge requirements, 114, 198, 203-208 345 minority groups, 199, 23~241 misassignment, 227 models, 319 parents, relation to, 210 pedagogy, 170, 203-208, 211, 215, 235, 270, 273, 280, 287, 288, 315, 320 personalization of, 273 placement of, 225 professional associations, 6-7, 10~109, 202, 203, 221-222, 223-224, 227, 231-233, 237 professional status, 208 212 qualifications, 201-212, 324 reform and, 26() 261, 263, 302, 303-305, 327-330 sex issues, 209, 215, 281 supply and demand, 202, 213 teacher-proof curricula, 209, 303, 305, 309 textbook evaluation, 169 workload, 279, 28~284 see also Instructional procedures Teaching, see Pedagogy Technical Education Research Centers, 186 187 Technological innovations, 5 computed, educational uses, 36, 159-161, 163, 171-172, 186-193 curriculum content, 120, 121, 122, 135, 167, 303-306 teacher preparation, 213-217, 298, 303 305 Telecommunication, 187-193, 217 TELEventure, 217 Television, 80 Tests and testing, 5, 24, 51-52, 57, 58, 258, 284 advanced-placement, 71-72, 7~78, 159 College Board Achievement Tests, 27, 71-72, 73-78 criterion-referenced tests, 51 development and analysis, 60 61, 65-69, 71-72, 73, 75, 10~101, 103, 105-109 distracters, 106 domain-referenced tests, 51 equating procedures, 75 international, 7, 4050 interviews and, 6~}61, 68 item-response theory, 91-92 minimal competence, 267 multiple-choice, 51-52, 55-57, 73, 75, 90 Read the entire page →
From page 346... ... , 255, 282 U United Kingdom, 12, 61, 80 University cooperation, 225, 247, 248, 274, 285, 295, 308, 316-317, 325, 330 335 University of California, 217 University of Chicago, 13, 15, 30 University of Hawaii, 330-335 University of Pittsburgh, 12 Urban areas, 216, 225, 278 V Validity studies, tests, 6~61, 101-103, 240 Van Rollick, W., 309 Video techniques, 31, 108, 163, 182 Virginia, 268 Visual aids, see Illustrations Voltaire, F., 21 W Wages and salaries, of teachers, 241, 284 Weis, I R., 227 Weisskopf, Victor, 139-140 White persons, 93-94, 98~99 College Board advanced-placement test, 76 stereotyping, 11, 12 Women, see Sex differences Workload, 279, 283-284 17ze World of Cells, 162 y Yarroch, W Read the entire page →

From page 337...

... Index A A Brief History of Time, 21 Academic achievement measurement of, 5; see also Tests and testing reform and, 254 science, general, 4 Accreditation, institutions for, 222-223 Adey, P., 5-6 Administration and administrators, 209, 286-287 department heads, 300, 30~307 reform, 259-260, 271, 272, 274, 275, 315, 319, 329-330 state coordinators, 274 see also Principals Advanced placement, 71-78, 108, 159, 282, 283 Aging and aged persons, 287 AIDS, 4 All One System, 165 American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 45 American Association for the Advancement of Science, 118, 134, 222 American Society of Zoologists, 118 337 America's Textbook Fiasco: A Conspiracy of Good Intentions, 269 A Nation at Risk 117 Anderson, B L., 272 Animism, 207 Asian students, 76 Assessment, see Evaluation of education Associations, see Professional associations and societies Australia, 12 B Back-to-Basics, see Minimal competence movement The Bible, 21, 26, 86 Biological Education in American Public Schools, 6 Biological Science, 156, 157, 160 Biological Sciences: An Ecological Approach, 49, 137 Biological Sciences Curriculum Study, 7~, 24, 51, 114, 118, 137, 142, 171, 203, 282, 286, 300, 305, 310 Biology Teachers Handbook 140-141 Black persons, 11, 23, 76, 9~94, 98-99 Bloom, Allan, 115 Bloom, Benjamin, 15 Boards of education, fragmentation, 80

Read the entire page →

From page 338...

... , of teachem, 207-208, 215, 216, 286, 329 Cost of education, 239, 241, 254-255, 272, 274, 283-284, 295, 334 Cox, P C, 272 Creationism, 50 Credentials, see Accreditation, institutions for; Certification, of teachers Criterion-referenced tests, 51 Cultural literacy, 3, 4, 12~123 Curricula, 3, 4, 10 INDEX advanced placement, 71, 72-73, 75-78, 282, 283 Biological Sciences Curriculum Study, 7-8, 24, 51, 114, 118, 137, 142, 171, 203, 282, 286, 300, 305, 310 and certification, 235, 240 computer-assisted, 186-193, 217, 319 content, secondary, 39-41, 45-48, 52, 65, 101-102, 113-116, 119-124, 131-141, 167-169, 248, 255 content, teacher education, 235-238, 303-306 development, 117-128, 167, 186-191, 209, 293, 298-307, 330-335 ecological perspective, 17-20, 49, 117-128, 137, 167-169, 173-175, 314-315 elective courses, 80 elementary, 186-191, 131-138, 216-217, 248 249, 251, 268, 310, 331 history, 6 - , 113-116, 119, 141-142, 295-296, 29~300 implementation, 23-24, 289-335 innovation and, 120, 121, 122, 135, 167, 303-306 inquiIy-based, 18~193, 217 institutional barriers, 243-288 medical revolution and, 3~36 models, 23~241, 268, 269-270, 324-335 multidisciplinary, 119, 121-124, 281, 310, 315-317, 322, 33~335 objectives, see Educational objectives problem-solving, 121, 140, 261, 263, 285 reform, 118, 245-335 required courses, 82 stability, 326 327 state-level actions, 209, 235, 256, 266-276, 291-292, 293 systems analysis and, 313-322 teacher education, 23~238, 303-306 teacher-proof, 209, 303, 305, 309 Curriculum Research and Development Group, 325, 330-335 D Demography, see Minority groups; Population factors; Sex differences de lbcqueville, Alexis, 115 Developmental Approaches in Science and Health, 332-333 Developmental factors, 3, 64, 166-167

Read the entire page →

From page 339...

... Public Schools, 131-137 standardized tests, 5, 52, 258 teacher preparation, 201-202 Educational Research Information Center, 299 Educational Testing Service, 51, 73, 103 Education Commission of the States, 4, 38, 267, 268-270, 273-276 Ehrlich, Paul, 121, 126 Eisner, E., 321 Elective courses, 80 Elementary education 339 curriculum reform, 248-249, 251, 268, 310, 331 Target Science, 216-217 teacher certification, 221 telecommunication -assisted curriculum, 186-191 transition to secondary, 131-138 Elmore, R F., 270 Employment employers' view, 37-42 salaries and wages, of teachers, 241, 284 student, 11 workload, of teachers, 279, 283-284 Energy transformation, 96-97, 106 107 Environmental issues and sciences, 5, 8, 17, 108, 121-123, 146-147 see also Ecological perspective Ethics, 124}121, 208 Ethnicity, see Minorities Evaluation of education, 45-46, 50-53 curricula, 331 instructional procedures, 62, 176 laboratories, 52, 73 state-level, 268 269 students, 55-70 studies, 4~52, 197 see also Tests and testing Evolution, 66, 102 curriculum content, 113, 114, 116, 127-128, 143-144 teacher knowledge and attitudes, 50 textbook treatment, 170 Examinations, see Tests and testing F Federal government, 256 Fernbank Museum of Natural History, 179-182 Finance, see Economic factors Florida, 240 Foundational Approaches in Science Teaching (FAST)

Read the entire page →

From page 340...

... D., 254 Health Biology, 160 High School Teachers Association of New York, 6 Hispanics, 11, 23, 76, 93-94, 99, 239 Historical perspectives, 10, 114 curriculum, 6-7, 113-116, 119, 141-142, 295-296, 299-300 literacy, 19-20 museums, 80, 178-183, 216 reform, 118, 246, 253, 267-270, 287 teacher education as public issue, 219-221 teaching of, 115 Hodgkinson, Harold, 165 Holmes Group, 199, 201, 209, 219, 234, 235, 238-241 Homework, 11, 141 Hord, S H., 306-307 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 3 Huling-Austin, L., 225-226 Human factors, see Psychological factom; Social factors Hurd, Paul DeHart, 6, 119 Huxley, 1: H., 6, 144, 295 INDEX HyperCard, 172 I Illustrations, 31, 107, 108, 155-163 Industry Initiatives for Science and Mathematics Education-Los Angeles, 215 Inservice education, see Continuing education, of teachers Institutional factors, 3 centralization, 255-256, 269, 272 curricula, barriem, 243-288 expectations, 5-6 external, 252-259, 263-264, 308-309, 310, 315-316, 320-321 internal, 259-264 reform, 245-264, 271-272, 295 traditional approaches, 27~282 see also Professional associations and societies Instructional materials, 5, 25, 36, 149-193 see also Illustrations; Textbooks; Video techniques Instructional procedures, 10, 12~125, 133-134, 139-141, 149-193, 280 advanced placement, 71, 72-73, 75-78, 282, 283 analogy, 205 approaches, 30 32, 37-42, 115, 167-169, 173-176 conceptual, 115, 214, 234, 263, 321-322 daily schedule, 279, 303, 321-322 demonstrations, 13-14, 50, 108, 214 ecological approach, 173-175, 314-315 evaluation, 62 formal, 80 group learning, 216, 328 holistic methods, 174 homework, 11, 141 mentors, 1~15 models, 2~27, 175-176, 214, 319 pedagogy, 170, 203-208, 211, 215, 235, 270, 273, 280, 287, 288, 315, 320 project-based, 180193 reform, 259~263, 296 tracking, of students, 71-78, 108, 159, 255, 282, 283 see also Laboratories, classroom Interdisciplinary approach, see Multidisciplinary approach International actions and organizations

Read the entire page →

From page 341...

... Licensing, see Certification, of teachers Life Science, 132-133 Literacy, 19-20 cultural, 3, 4, 12~123 mathematics, 19-21 scientific, see Scientific literacy visual, 161 Local actions 341 autonomy, 114, 127, 209, 256, 268, 269 community issues, 190 191, 318 Longitudinal Study of American Youth, 8~91 Los Angeles Educational Partnership, 216, 217 Lovelock, James, 144 M Man: A Course of Study, 248, 282 Management, see Administration and administrators Margulis, Lynn, 144 Maryland, 131-137 Massachusetts, 284 Mass media, 29~293 educational value, 24, 80 journalism education, 3~31 scientist stereotype, 11 student knowledge, reporting, 27, 284, 292-294 Mathematics formal instruction, 80 literacy, 19-20, 45 Mayer, W., 6, 8 McDonald's Corporation, 2~27 McLaughlin, M W., 270-271 Medical science, 4, 17, 30-36, 113, 114 Memory and memorization, 59, 106, 141, 261, 280, 296 Men, see Sex differences Michigan, 268 Michigan Educational Assessment Program, 60 Michigan State University, 55-57, 59, 61-69 Minimal competence movement, 23, 51, 257, 258, 262, 267 Minority groups College Board advanced placement test, 76 National Assessment of Educational Progress, 93-95, 9~99 parents, 216-217 stereotyping, 11, 12, 13 students, 6, 11-13, 23, 9~95, 9~99 Target Science, 216-217 teachers, 199, 23~241 see also specific groups Mix, Alan, 144 Models

Read the entire page →

From page 342...

... , 222-223, 234, 237 National Diffusion Network, 328 National Education Association, 6-7 National Geographic Society, 27, 187 National Institutes of Health, 247 National Research Council, 7 genome mapping, 35-36 test review, 51, 52 INDEX National Science Board, 126, 234 National Science Foundation, 45-48, 187, 328 reform, 247-248, 268, 286 science teacher institutes, 211-212, 308 Target Science, 216-217 National Science Teachem Association (NSTA) , 10~109, 202, 203, 221-222, 223 224, 227, 230-233, 237 National testing programs NABT-NSTA, 10~109 teacher examinations, 197 United Kingdom, 80 see also National Assessment of Educational Progress Nation's Report Card, 266 Netherlands, 309 News & Hews, 101 News media, see Mass media New York, 6, 221 Nongovernmental organizations, 249-250, 292 see also Professional associations and societies Norm-referenced tests, 51, 108 o Objectives of education, see Educational objectives Open-ended questions, 91, 140-141, 284 Oppenheimer, J

Read the entire page →

From page 343...

... INDEX public, 30, 120-121 reform of education, 254, 256, 257-259, 266-276 testing, 69 Political issues biological nature of man, 114 reform, 24, 206, 256-257, 259, 264, 291-292, 329 Population factom aging, 287 curriculum content, 121-122, 331 explosion, 17-18, 22 student diversity, 255 see also Minority groups; Sex differences Press, see Mass media Prewitt, Kenneth, 118 Principals, 209, 300, 301-302, 306, 317-318 Private sector, 215, 216, 217 educational leadership, 249-250, 292 employers' view of students, 37-42 Problem-solving, 121, 140, 214, 261, 263, 285, 318 Professional associations and societies accreditation and certification, 198, 221-224, 227 conferences, 284 evaluation, 48-50 historical perspectives, 6-7 national examination, 100-109 reform, 292 see also specific organizations Project 2061, 118, 134 Psychological factors change, 295, 317-318 and curriculum content, 122 developmental, 3, 5, 12-14, 64, 166, 173, 175, 204 minority-group teachers as role models, 240-241 motivation, 40, 79-90, 166,189-190, 216, 240-241 personal theories, misconceptions, 12-16, 63, 10~107, 185, 207 religious influences, 86 87, 90, 114, 115 student perceptions, 11-14, 62, 63, 167 Public opinion, 30 community issues, 190 191, 318 educational evaluation, 50 reform, 254, 255, 258-259, 271 343 Q Quality control, see Certification, of teachers; Evaluation of education; Reform; Standards; Textbooks R Racial factom, see Minority groups Reform administrator and administration, 259-260, 271, 272, 274, 275, 30~307 315, 319, 329-330 curriculum, 118, 245-335 ecological approach, 314-322 elementary education, 24~249, 251, 268, 310, 331 external facilitatom, 25~259, 263-264, 308 309, 310, 315, 316, 32~321 historical perspectives, 118, 246, 253, 267-270, 287 Holmes Group, 199, 201, 209, 219, 234, 235, 238-241 institutional factors, 245-264, 271-272, 295 instructional procedures, 259-263, 296 minimal competence movement, 23, 51, 257, 258, 262, 267 models, 320335 National Science Foundation, 247-248, 268, 286 policy issues, 254, 256, 257-259, 26~276 political issues, 24, 206, 256-257, 259, 264, 291-292, 329 principal's role, 300, 301-302, 306 processes, 29~311 professional associations, 292 public opinion, 254, 255, 25~259, 271 social factors, 252-253, 255, 25~259, 295, 313-314, 315-318, 321 standardized tests, 258 state policy issues, 26~276 systems analysis, 313-322 teacher involvement, 260-261, 263, 302, 303-305, 327-330 teacher preparation, 19~199, 201, 236, 23~241 Reliability studies, tests, 6~61, 69 Religious influences, 114 fundamentalism, 115 student choices, 86~7, 90 Required courses, 82

Read the entire page →

From page 344...

... S., 203, 204-205, 208, 211 Sizer, Ted, 273, 278-279, 307 Social factors, 3, 5, 38, 102, 108, 116-117, 145-147 community issues, 190 191, 318 curriculum content, 119, 121-124, 135, 153-154 local autonomy, 114, 127, 209, 256, 268, 269 reform, 252-253, 255, 258-259, 295, 313-314, 315-318, 321 stereotypes about high school, 30~302, 318-321 INDEX student perceptions and, 11-14, 62, 63, 80 see also Ecological perspective; Historical perspectives; Institutional factors; Literacy; Mass media; Minority groups; Political issues; Public opinion; Sex differences Special-interest groups, 257 Specialization, 205-206, 230, 281 Standardized tests, see Tests and testing Standards, 256 accreditation, 22~223 advanced programs, 108 defined, 219 national textbook, 114 see also Certification, of teachers Stanford Achievement Test, 60 State-level actions curriculum control, 209, 235, 256, 266 276, 291-292, 293, 327 Education Commission of the States, 4, 38, 267, 268 270, 273-276 reform policy, 266 276 teacher certification, 202-203, 224, 227, 235, 240, 281 textbooks, 269-270, 282 Statistical analysis, 83, 84~9 Steady Word Policy, Practice, and the Reform of American Education, 27~271 Students, 165-166 attitudes, 22, 79-90, 166 characteristics, 165-167 employers' view, 37~2 evaluation of, 55-70; see also Tests and testing expectations, of and for, 5-6, 40, 83-90, 267, 273, 274 ignorance, concealment, 58-61 interviews of, 60 61, 68 knowledge level, 55-58, 62-65 minonty-group, 6, 11-13, 23, 76, 93-95, 9~99 models, 81~9, 24~241 motivation, 40, 79-90, 166, 189-190, 216 non-college-bound, 166 parental influences on, 83, 84, 85 86, 90, 216-217 sex differences, 12, 83, 84, 86 87, 88~9, 93-95, 281

Read the entire page →

From page 345...

... INDEX social and psychological influences on, 22, 11-16, 62, 63-65, 80 talented, 6, 114 teacher-student ratio, 279 tracking, 71-78, 108, 159, 255, 282, 283 unprepared, 22, 55-58, 214, 246, 261, 266 see also Academic achievement; Advanced placement; Learning processes Syllabi, 23, 24, 74, 282; see also Curricula Systems analysis, 31~322 T Target Science, 216-217 Teacher certification, see Certification, of teachers Teacher Education Council of State Colleges and Universities, 199 Teacher preparation, 195-242 accreditation, institutional, 222-223 - continuing education, 207-208, 215, 216, 286, 329 curriculum, 234-238, 269, 303-306, 32~329 education, 197-200, 201-202, 213-217, 234 241, 247, 285, 295 FAST 333-334 minority-group recruitment, 238 241 models, 199-200, 23~241 science, 4 technological innovation and, 213-217, 298, 30~305 see also Certification, of teachers Teachers of advanced-placement courses, 72, 282, 283 attitudes, 169, 274, 287, 30~305, 308, 315 autonomy and accountability, 200210 beliefs about, 31~321 certification of, 198-200, 202-203, 219-228, 230-233, 235, 240, 281, 295 characteristics, 280 continuing education of, 207-208, 215, 216, 286 cumculum development, role in, 269, 327-330 daily schedules, 279, 303, 321-322 evaluation, 50 knowledge requirements, 114, 198, 203-208 345 minority groups, 199, 23~241 misassignment, 227 models, 319 parents, relation to, 210 pedagogy, 170, 203-208, 211, 215, 235, 270, 273, 280, 287, 288, 315, 320 personalization of, 273 placement of, 225 professional associations, 6-7, 10~109, 202, 203, 221-222, 223-224, 227, 231-233, 237 professional status, 208 212 qualifications, 201-212, 324 reform and, 26() 261, 263, 302, 303-305, 327-330 sex issues, 209, 215, 281 supply and demand, 202, 213 teacher-proof curricula, 209, 303, 305, 309 textbook evaluation, 169 workload, 279, 28~284 see also Instructional procedures Teaching, see Pedagogy Technical Education Research Centers, 186 187 Technological innovations, 5 computed, educational uses, 36, 159-161, 163, 171-172, 186-193 curriculum content, 120, 121, 122, 135, 167, 303-306 teacher preparation, 213-217, 298, 303 305 Telecommunication, 187-193, 217 TELEventure, 217 Television, 80 Tests and testing, 5, 24, 51-52, 57, 58, 258, 284 advanced-placement, 71-72, 7~78, 159 College Board Achievement Tests, 27, 71-72, 73-78 criterion-referenced tests, 51 development and analysis, 60 61, 65-69, 71-72, 73, 75, 10~101, 103, 105-109 distracters, 106 domain-referenced tests, 51 equating procedures, 75 international, 7, 4050 interviews and, 6~}61, 68 item-response theory, 91-92 minimal competence, 267 multiple-choice, 51-52, 55-57, 73, 75, 90

Read the entire page →

From page 346...

... , 255, 282 U United Kingdom, 12, 61, 80 University cooperation, 225, 247, 248, 274, 285, 295, 308, 316-317, 325, 330 335 University of California, 217 University of Chicago, 13, 15, 30 University of Hawaii, 330-335 University of Pittsburgh, 12 Urban areas, 216, 225, 278 V Validity studies, tests, 6~61, 101-103, 240 Van Rollick, W., 309 Video techniques, 31, 108, 163, 182 Virginia, 268 Visual aids, see Illustrations Voltaire, F., 21 W Wages and salaries, of teachers, 241, 284 Weis, I R., 227 Weisskopf, Victor, 139-140 White persons, 93-94, 98~99 College Board advanced-placement test, 76 stereotyping, 11, 12 Women, see Sex differences Workload, 279, 283-284 17ze World of Cells, 162 y Yarroch, W

Read the entire page →

← Previous Chapter Skim

This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More information on Chapter Skim is available.

Index Pages 337-346

Index
Pages 337-346