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Global Navigation Satellite Systems Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the Chinese Academy of Engineering (2012) / Chapter Skim
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Breaking the Ice: Navigation in the Arctic--Grace Xingxin Gao, Liang Heng, Todd Walter, and Per Enge
Pages 229-238

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From page 229...
... New summer sea lanes have already opened up, and projections of sea ice loss suggest that the Arctic Ocean will likely be free of summer sea ice sometime between 2060 and 2080. The combination of undiscovered oil and climate change are driving a dramatic increase in the demand for navigation in the Arctic.
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From page 230...
... and Japanese MSAS systems, and add five new reference stations, whose locations are shown in Figure 3. We assume all these references stations provide the same measurement qual ity as current WAAS reference stations.
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From page 231...
... Gao-etal_Fig3.eps bitmap than 90 percent coverage in the Arctic region. In the case of seafaring navigation (as opposed to airborne navigation)
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From page 232...
... Gao-etal_Fig5.eps bitmap
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From page 233...
... The over-thepole design of Iridium orbits ensures very good high-elevation satellite coverage in the Arctic. Because Iridium satellites already provide voice and data services to satellite phones and integrated transceivers all over Earth, Iridium is a strong candidate for enabling SBAS linkage to the Arctic users.
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From page 234...
... 234 FIGURE 6 WAAS GEO satellite coverage with minimum elevation angle of 6.35°. Gao-etal_Fig6.eps bitmap, landscape
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From page 235...
... GLONASS satellites orbit at 19,100 kilometer altitude with a 64.8° inclination. Compared to the 55° inclination of the GPS orbital planes, the GLONASS con stellation has better coverage in high latitudes.
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From page 236...
... Multiple GNSS constellations significantly improve VDOPs and thus reduce vertical positioning errors in the Arctic. REFERENCES Evans, J.V.
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From page 237...
... Reprinted with permission. Gao-etal_Fig9.eps bitmap
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From page 238...
... 31 GPS + 24Gao-etal_Fig10d.eps + 30 + 30 Compass MEO satellites; GLONASS satellites; (c) 31 GPS Compass + 30 Galileo satellites; (d)
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Key Terms

  • reference stations
  • gps satellites
  • vdop improvement
  • user connectivity
  • earth orbit

  • billion barrels
  • arctic using
  • low earth
  • vdop values
  • vertical availability

  • current waas
  • waas geo
  • egnos reference
  • using iridium
  • alert limit

  • sea ice
  • natural gas
  • geo coverage
  • sbas messages
  • summer sea

  • liquids according
  • orbital period
  • cally recoverable
  • satellites improves
  • geo satellites

  • provide voice
  • add five
  • improve vdops
  • orbital plane
  • positioning errors


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