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9 Costs
Pages 145-164

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From page 145...
... , the costs of water reuse need to be economic benefits provided by a reliable water supply. compared to the cost of other new-supply options.
From page 146...
... been appropriated for Title XVI projects, mostly in California, including $135 million from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Unless specified by Congress, FACTORS AFFECTING THE FINANCIAL federal funding support is limited to projects in the 17 western COSTS OF WATER REUSE PROJECTS continental states.
From page 147...
... Treatment Infrastructure Potable reuse projects require substantially more In most cases, nonpotable uses of reclaimed water treatment and barriers within the treatment train, (e.g., irrigation, industrial) require a quality of water and therefore require larger investments in treatment that is not much different than what a typical second- infrastructure than nonpotable projects, although the ary or advanced wastewater treatment plant would costs can vary with the treatment components selected produce.
From page 148...
... Transmission and Pumping Existing stream channels can also be used to convey reclaimed water from a wastewater treatment plant to Delivery of reclaimed water to consumers may add a downstream water treatment plant intake, assuming a substantial capital cost to a water reuse project based water rights laws allow for such conveyance. The El on the location of the treatment facility and the dis Paso Water Utility and the Trinity River Authority tance to the service area(s)
From page 149...
... and regional water agencies were needed in this collab- Widely variable seasonal demand can add to the overall orative initiative. Similarly, the City of Las Vegas earns costs of the water reuse project; thus, advanced planning gallon-for-gallon return-flow credits for advanced- to minimize the unused capacity in nonpotable reuse treated water returned to Lake Mead.
From page 150...
... Understanding water reuse's the energy requirements of seawater desalination at energy-use profile therefore requires a comparative 12.2 kWh/kgal and inland brackish water desalination approach: How much energy does water reuse require at 4.0-5.5 kWh/kgal. See Table 9-1 for estimates of in a given location compared with the feasible water water-reuse–related energy consumption for several supply alternatives?
From page 151...
... . With water reuse systems, Nearly all water supply augmentation projects the most common and lowest cost alternative for in- require permitting and environmental review.
From page 152...
... A systems or life-cycle approach emphasizes two especially attractive features of water reuse alternatives. First, water reuse typically reduces the quantities of bulk water supply that a utility must obtain from external raw water sources (e.g., rivers, groundwater)
From page 153...
... Like energy costs, greenhouse gas emissions Forms of financing themselves impose differential from the complete life cycle of water reuse projects will costs on an agency. The lowest cost financing is a "pay be widely variable and site specific, based on factors as you go" approach, because no interest fees or invest- such as the level of treatment (see Figure 9-2)
From page 154...
... In studies of Southern California, greenhouse desalination facility is powered by wind energy to adgas emissions for nonpotable reuse were comparable or dress concerns about the greenhouse gas implications greater than for water importation when considering of this energy-intensive water supply. life-cycle costs (see figure and table in Box 9-2; Stokes and Horvath, 2006, 2009)
From page 155...
... Capital Costs REPORTED REUSE COSTS Reported capital costs for potable and nonpotable Because of the dearth of information in the litera facilities include the design and construction of treatture on the costs of water reuse facilities, the commit ment plants, distribution pipelines, well fields, and entee chose to address its task question (see Box S-1) on gineered natural systems as well as related administrareuse costs by requesting this information from utilities tive costs.
From page 156...
... in 2009 dollars Treatment facility 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.12 9.62 0.00 Not reported Pipelines 4.23 5.73 1.14 3.58 9.14 9.77 Not reported Other 1.88 Total capital costs in 2009 4.23 5.73 1.14 13.57 18.75 9.77 Unable to correct for dollars ($/kgal per year) inflation Annualized capital cost in 0.37a 0.50a 0.10a 1.18a 1.63a 0.85a Unable to calculate $/kgala Total Annual Costs (Annualized Capital + O&M)
From page 157...
... (0.57) NOTE: The capital costs are reported prior to any subsidies received.
From page 158...
... are for nonpotable uses that include irrigation and industrial applications and 9 Capital costs for potable reuse projects are also MGD (34,000 m3/d) for potable water uses, such as groundwidely ranging, from $3.90 to $31/kgal capacity per water recharge.
From page 159...
... Cost was cited by approximately one-third 2008) to assess Southern California's water strategies of the responding utilities as an advantage, but it was reported that potable water reuse (based on OCWD rarely the deciding factor in these reuse projects.
From page 160...
... Because the driving motivation for ranging from 11 to 75 percent) .2 W hile most of the water reuse is shifting from environmentally sound wastewater disposal to water supply for water-limited regions, reclaimed water rates are likely to climb so that 2 W hen utilities reported tiered water rates, the committee con reclaimed water resources are used as efficiently as the sidered the third tiered potable rate for comparison, considering potable water supplies they are designed to augment.
From page 161...
... Other revenue options can be considered when establishing reclaimed water rates, including standby fees, property taxes, monthly minimum fees, and utility subsidies from water and wastewater fees. Organizations that provide both water and sewer services have the ability to spread some of the cost of the reuse program to wastewater treatment and/or drinking water FIGURE 9-4 Costs of various water supply alternatives in the programs, which sometimes have associated decreases state of California.
From page 162...
... example, water reuse systems used in conjunction with a F inancial costs are influenced by size, location, in- water conservation program can be effective in reducing coming water quality, expectations, and/or regulatory seasonal peak demands on the potable system, which requirements for product water quality, treatment train, reduces capital and operating costs and prolongs existmethod of concentrate disposal, extent of transmission ing drinking water resources. Water reuse projects can lines and pumping requirements, timing and storage re- also offer improved reliability, especially in drought, quirements, costs of energy, interest rates, subsidies, and and can reduce dependence on imported water supplies.
From page 163...
... and is currently conducting a demonstration project to determine if potable reuse with reservoir augmentation is a feasible alternative for San Diego. The demonstration project is estimated to be completed by 2013.a Comparative cost data considering O&M costs and annualized capital costs for San Diego's water supply alternatives show that nonpotable reclaimed water is comparable to the cost of seawater desalination, largely due to the high cost of the distribution system.
From page 164...
... As the need for new water supplies in water-limited regions becomes the driving R02129 motivation for water reuse, reclaimed water rates are Figure 9-8 likely to climb so that reclaimed water resources are bitmapped used as efficiently as the potable water supplies they are designed to augment.


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