Water Reuse Potential for Expanding the Nation's Water Supply Through Reuse of Municipal Wastewater (2012) / Chapter Skim
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3 Water Quality
3 Water Quality
Pages 55-66
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From page 55... ...
concentrations. In this chapter the committee briefly describes the key water quality constituents of concern PATHOGENS when municipal wastewater is reused or when treated municipal wastewater is discharged to a watercourse Wastewater contains many microorganisms but that is later used as a source of municipal water supply.
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From page 56... ...
. Helminth eggs can be largely removed through TABLE 3-2 Reported Ranges of Reclaimed Water Quality for Key Water Quality Parameters After Different Degrees of Treatment Range of Effluent Quality After Indicated Treatment CAS with Conventional Biological CAS with Membrane Untreated Activated CAS with Nutrient BNR and Bioreactor Constituent Units Wastewater Sludge (CAS)
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From page 57... ...
In 1993, an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis caused Fecal indicator bacteria in undisinfected secondary ef fluent range from 102 to 105/100 mL depending on the an estimated 400,000 illnesses and more than 50 deaths through contaminated drinking water in Milwaukee, quality of the influent water (Bitton, 2005)
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From page 58... ...
Boron is in water or wastewater treatment. Prions are thought of particular interest because no removal occurs during to substantially partition into the sludge during bio- conventional biological treatment, and even advanced logical wastewater treatment, although according to water treatment processes (i.e., reverse osmosis)
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From page 59... ...
. perchlorate in drinking water, several states have pro Salinity control is quite challenging because treat- mulgated enforceable regulations, with Massachusetts having the most stringent standard at 2 µg/L (Pisa renko et al., 2010)
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of drinking water treatment plants, and production of The primary forms of nitrogen in wastewater effluent compounds that affect taste and cause odors in drinking are ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and organic nitrogen. water.
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Trace organic chemicals originate from industrial Some research has been conducted on the fate and domestic products and activities (e.g., pesticides, of engineered nanoparticles in wastewater treatment. personal care products, preservatives, surfactants, flame Kaegi et al.
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From page 62... ...
These include solvents, detergents, Reclaimed Waters petroleum mixtures, plasticizers, flame retardants, and a host of other products or product ingredients. A few of Category Examples these chemicals are not completely removed by convenIndustrial 1,4-Dioxane, perflurooctanoic acid, methyl tertiary Chemicals butyl ether, tetrachloroethane tional water and wastewater treatment processes.
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From page 63... ...
Considering that wastewater effluents are generally low in pesticide residues and that Within the typical household, many chemicals are reclaimed water employed in potable reuse projects is used for cleaning, disinfecting, painting, preparation of regularly surveyed for all pesticides regulated in drink- meals, and other applications. Many of these chemicals ing water, it is unlikely that these compounds will pose find their way into the wastewater collection system, a unique risk to water reuse.
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From page 64... ...
. However, the compounds undergo biotransformation in wastewater treatment plants that employ anaerobic treatment processes (e.g., nitrate removal by denitrification)
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From page 65... ...
Although some plications because chloramination, a common method treatment processes separate contaminants for subse- of wastewater disinfection, has been linked to NDMA quent disposal (i.e., sludge, reverse osmosis concentrate, formation and because NDMA is not well rejected by spent activated carbon) , both biological and oxidative reverse osmosis membranes (Mitch et al., 2003)
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From page 66... ...
Therefore, if wastewater becomes water reuse treatment processes because of their acute part of a reuse scheme (including de facto reuse) , the human health effects, and viruses necessitate special impacts of wastewater constituents on intended ap- attention based on their low infectious dose, small size, plications should be considered in the design of the and resistance to disinfection.
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