Blueprint for the Future Framing the Issues of Women in Science in a Global Context: Summary of a Workshop (2012) / Chapter Skim
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APPENDIX E-4: Workforce Sex Segregation--Alice Abreu, Lisa M. Frehill, and Kathrin K. Zippel
APPENDIX E-4: Workforce Sex Segregation--Alice Abreu, Lisa M. Frehill, and Kathrin K. Zippel
Pages 81-86
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From page 81... ...
How do individuals navigate through scientific careers within these larger contexts? Macro Level At the macro level, the observed differences in the distributions of women and men into different occupations reflect the outcomes of a wide range of social forces, operating at the macro, middle, and micro levels, some of which may have intentionally sought to disadvantage women, while others result in different treatment of women and men, patterned by gender, as unintended consequences.
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From page 82... ...
Figure E-41, for example, shows the subfields of women and men who earned doctoral degrees awarded by mathematics departments in the United States in 2008. The largest number of degrees was awarded in statistics and biostatistics, in which women accounted for 51 percent of the Ph.D.
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From page 83... ...
2009. Characterisitics of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States, 2006, Detailed Statistical Tables NSF09-317.
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From page 84... ...
The terms "crystal labyrinth" and "glass ceiling," however, are not completely value-neutral, embodying the notion that the processes by which women are segregated into lower level or less powerful positions operate like the invisible hand in the market, and that these processes that produce outcomes, such as those shown in Figure E-4-2, are not visible. The term "work-family balance" has entered the lexicon to understand the lower participation levels of women in various areas of science and for different rates of advancement of women and men in those areas in which women may already have achieved parity at the entry level.
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From page 85... ...
As shown in Figure E-4-3, one third of doctoral degrees in engineering were awarded to women in Brazil in 2008, while in that same year in the United States, just 20 percent of doctoral degrees in engineering were earned by women. Engineering Exact and Earth Sciences 1996 Applied Social Sciences 2008 Multidisciplinary Agrarian Sciences Social and Human Sciences Health Sciences Biological Sciences Arts and Linguistics 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Percent Women FIGURE E-4-3.
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From page 86... ...
The choice made by the household about, say, care of minor children is influenced by many factors including: the presence of affordable, high-quality daycare; employers' willingness to permit workers to leave earlier in the afternoon to attend to children; the relative income provided by each member in the couple; and social norms related to gender and the care of children. SUMMARY This paper provides a framework within which to understand segregation processes at three levels: macro, middle and micro.
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