International Animal Research Regulations Impact on Neuroscience Research: Workshop Summary (2012) / Chapter Skim
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4 Animals in Neuroscience Research
4 Animals in Neuroscience Research
Pages 29-42
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From page 29... ...
. RODENTS IN NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH Rodents are the dominant mammalian animal species used in neuroscience research, said Bill Yates, professor of otolaryngology and neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, but the Animal Welfare Act excludes mice and rats, so the exact number used in the United States is not available.
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. Increased Use of Rodents Prior to the mid-1980s, cats were popular research animals for classical neurophysiological procedures because they could withstand the extensive surgeries required, were large enough to accommodate bulky instrumentation, and were inexpensive models.
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SOURCE: Yates presentation citing UK Home Office Web site. Figure 4-2, outline type as chronic recording techniques enables the study of a single animal over a prolonged period of time, leading to greater data collection from single animals.
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THE ROLE OF NON-HUMAN PRIMATE MODELS IN NEUROSCIENCE Roger Lemon, Sobell Chair of Neurophysiology at the University College London Institute of Neurology, showed data from the UK Home Office spanning from 1995 through 2010 that indicates a gradual increase in the use of old-world monkeys (primarily macaques) and a gradual decrease in the use of new-world monkeys (mainly marmosets)
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, often due to a statutory requirement for testing of new drugs in a non-human primate model before entering human clinical trials. The Case for Non-Human Primate Models Regulatory Opinion Recital 17 of European Union (EU)
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.1 Neuroscience Research Lemon noted that a review by Courtine and colleagues (2007) concluded that there are "crucial differences in the organization of the motor system and behaviors among rodents, non-human primates, and humans" and that "studies in non-human primates are critical for the translation of some potential interventions to treat spinal cord injury in humans." There are major differences in the organization of the corticospinal system across species, Lemon said.
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From page 35... ...
Studies using non-human primates complement other data collection approaches, such as in vitro studies, in silico modeling, human brain imaging, and parallel investigations in rodents. The number of animals used will be relatively low; however, long-term study of a single primate can involve a significant number of independent assessments, resulting in reliable statistical answers from relatively small numbers of animals.
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From page 36... ...
ETHICAL AND PRACTICAL DILEMMAS OF RESEARCH WITH NON-HUMAN PRIMATES Basic Versus Applied Research Stuart Zola, director, Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University, noted that the definitions of basic (or fundamental) research and applied (or translational)
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From page 37... ...
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging can be used to conduct brain imaging while the animal is engaged in cognitive tasks, very much the same way it would be done with humans, Zola noted.
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A rapidly advancing area is the development of transgenic nonhuman primate models of inherited neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, researchers produced the first transgenic non-human primates that express the Huntington's disease gene; the animals exhibit many of the defining signs of Huntington's disease (Yang et al., 2008)
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Policy and the Animal Welfare Act, all animal housing spaces must be inspected twice per year. The inspection teams include several IACUC members, an IACUC staff person, and sometimes a safety staff member.
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There are 23 volunteer IACUC members: 3 veterinarians, 3 community members, 2 members from the Office of Research Safety, and 15 principal investigators from various departments with significant animal programs. Heckman estimated his own effort as chair at around 15 to 20 percent, and noted that it is difficult to find a sufficient percentage of effort to sustain his scientific work while serving as IACUC chair.
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41 ANIMALS IN NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH BOX 4-2 Summary of Session Points Basic vs. Applied Research • rbitrarily separating research into "basic" and "applied" categories could be harm A ful if used to determine the types of research that can or cannot be conducted: o he line between basic and applied research is often blurred.
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