Understanding Biosecurity Protecting Against the Misuse of Science in Today's World (2010) / Chapter Skim
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Understanding Biosecurity
Understanding Biosecurity
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UNDERSTANDING BIOSECURITY Protecting Against the Misuse of Science in Today's World
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Foreword 1 Understanding Biosecurity 2 The Biosecurity Challenge 4 New Science Seeks to Conquer "Old" Diseases 4 Emerging Science Makes Security a Moving Target 4 Addressing the Challenge 7 The Role of Scientists 7 The Role of Research Institutions 10 The Role of Journal Editors 10 The Role of Professional Societies 11 The Role of the Federal Government 13 The Role of International Coordination 15 Doing Science Responsibly 17 NOTES 18 WEB RESOURCES For Further INFORMATION 18
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Adapted from Responsible Research with Biological Select Agents and Toxins (NRC, 2009)
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Because of that are motivated to enhance the partnership -- and their own commitment to advancing science for the public quality of life, inspired by the spark good -- scientists must conduct research ethically and responsibly. of discovery and innovation, or driven by the essential quest for A critical cornerstone of the modern scientific enterprise is the essential deeper knowledge of our world, exchange of information that enables scientists to replicate, verify, and build life scientists today face remarkable on the results of fruitful lines of research.
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next generation of life scientists -- are work and the knowledge Policy, governance, and oversight aware of the biosecurity context of they are generating frameworks that affect research in their work. might be used in the the life sciences are also in a state of change.
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highlight the unexpected biosecurity freely accessible to everyone, challenges new knowledge may including terrorists and developers Emerging Science Makes bring. of biological weapons.
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debate throughout the scientific The authors were sensitive to the Surprisingly, the researchers found and political spheres. Some saw biosecurity issues involved in their that the IL-4 gene-expressing the paper as dangerous because work and had consulted with their mousepox killed even vaccinated it illustrated how to construct an peers about whether the results IL-4–expressing orthopox virus, should be submitted for publication.
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illustrated how scientific achievements may also generate security concerns. Additional recent research endeavors that have been identified as having the potential for misuse include: The technique for modifying tobacco (shown above)
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The hindering scientific innovation. Vital, they generate will never be used National Research Council report practical steps to improve oversight for malevolent purposes, but the A Survey of Attitudes and Actions on of research and provide education report concludes that scientists can Dual Use Research in the Life Sciences: can give people the tools to conduct and should take steps to minimize A Collaborative Effort of the National science responsibly.
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could spread to military and civilians alike and affect member states adopt measures to prevent terrorist both enemies and allies, President Richard Nixon shut groups, clandestine procurement networks, and other down the United States' offensive bioweapons program nonstate actors from acquiring biological weapons or in 1969. Bioweapons stockpiles were destroyed and the means of their delivery.
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following year by the National Institutes of The National Research Council Health, to prevent the report Responsible Research with unintended creation of Biological Select Agents and Toxins harmful organisms in (2009) affirms that misuse of work with recombinant biological materials is taboo in every DNA.
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Recognizing that Bodies such as Institutional Biosafety gap, the National Research Council publishing information with dual Committees, Institutional Review report Science and Security in a Post use potential carries risks, journal Boards, and Institutional Animal 9/11 World (2007) recommends editors have taken steps to mitigate Care and Use Committees may, to that universities work closely the risk that information they some extent, oversee research that with federal agencies to develop publish will be misused.
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Age of Terrorism (2004) identifies the journals in the life sciences accepted Scientific journals are not the need for cooperation among journal responsibility for screening only place where science is editors to develop international manuscripts to reduce the risk of communicated.
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calls for codes holds annual conferences on International Issues is a network of conduct for scientists to protect of more than one hundred of against misuse of scientific progress the world's academies of science. that would cause environmental or The group issued a Statement on medical harm and to conduct their Biosecurity in 2005 that provides research in ways that minimize the 12 principles that academies and other risk of misuse of life science research scientific bodies should consider in for destructive purposes.
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about communication of scientific Facilities must prepare security plans information or the significance The Role of the Federal that include controlling access to of limits and responsibilities that Government laboratories that conduct select security regulations place on The U.S government addresses agent research and responding scientists' activities. biosecurity concerns in part by in the event of theft or accidental setting basic policy for the conduct release.
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The globalized nature of the scientific enterprise, in combination with the speed with which people -- and pathogens -- travel around the globe, increases the complexity of the biosecurity challenge, as well as the need for international collaboration in addressing it. In response to the SARS infectious disease alert of 2003 in Asia, people moving around were screened for the disease, and measures were put in place at airports and other transport hubs to provide quarantine conditions for the public arriving from areas of infection.
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"Bottom-up" The Role of International networks of scientists and scientific Coordination organizations can work together to In the global biological research determine appropriate practices and enterprise, organisms, information, mechanisms for research oversight tools, and people are constantly and self-governance. Both types of The World Health Organization crossing international borders, efforts could be strengthened; many promotes policies and actions in both on the ground and in National Research Council reports all countries to protect against potential biosecurity events and cyberspace.
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bottom-up approach, participants However, international regulation identified key roles for international "The participants [in the of biology is complicated by the scientific organizations, such Forum] came from all lack of a multilateral consensus as as the International Council for over the world because to the basic security framework that Science, the InterAcademy Panel on would allow consistent application International Issues, the Academy of the life sciences are of controls.
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Within their institutions, researchers factor in enabling the many have oversight bodies to turn to; scientific achievements of the 20th Life scientists also need to put forth, within their professional societies, century. In parallel, current and for the education of policy makers they have access to training and future biosecurity threats could and the public, cogent arguments other resources; within their state come as much from terrorists for the benefits of research for and federal governments, there are operating outside of traditional both health and security.
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Journal of Homeland Security. The White House has convened an interagency working Available online at www.homelandsecurity.org/journal/ group to coordinate biosecurity outreach and education Articles/tucker.html.
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Sponsored by: Department of Homeland Security, Sponsored by: Carnegie Corporation of New Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, York, Alfred P Sloan Foundation, and the National Food and Drug Administration, National Institute Academies Presidents' Circle Communications of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Initiative Science Foundation, and Intelligence Technology Innovation Center The 2nd International Forum on Biosecurity: Summary of an International Meeting, Budapest, Microbial Threats to Health: The Threat of Hungary, March 30 to April 2, 2008 (2008)
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About the National Academies The National Academies -- the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council -- provide a public service by working outside the framework of government to ensure independent advice on matters of science, technology, and medicine. They enlist committees of the nation's top scientists, engineers, and other experts -- all of whom volunteer their time to study specific concerns.
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